0025390: Redesign of Technical Overview

[occt.git] / dox / user_guides / visualization / visualization.md

Visualization    {#occt_user_guides__visualization}
========================
@tableofcontents 

@section occt_visu_1 Introduction

Visualization in Open CASCADE Technology is based on the  separation of:
  * on the one hand - the data which stores the geometry and topology  of the entities you want to display and select, and 
  * on the other hand - its **presentation** (what you see  when an object is displayed in a scene) and **selection** (possibility to choose the whole object or its sub-parts interactively to apply application-defined operations to the selected entities). 

Presentations are managed through the **Presentation** component, and selection through the **Selection** component.

**Application Interactive Services** (AIS) provides the means to create links between an application GUI viewer and the packages, which are used to manage selection and presentation, which makes management of these functionalities in 3D more  intuitive and consequently, more transparent.

*AIS* uses the notion of the *interactive  object*, a displayable and selectable entity, which represents an element  from the application data. As a result, in 3D, you, the user, have no need to  be familiar with any functions underlying AIS unless you want to create your  own interactive objects or selection filters.  

If, however, you require types of interactive objects and  filters other than those provided, you will need to know the mechanics of  presentable and selectable objects, specifically how to implement their virtual  functions. To do this requires familiarity with such fundamental concepts as the sensitive primitive and the presentable object.  

The the following packages are used to display 3D objects:
  * *AIS*; 
  * *StdPrs*; 
  * *Prs3d*; 
  * *PrsMgr*; 
  * *V3d*; 
  * *Graphic3d*.

The packages used to display 3D objects are also applicable for visualization of 2D objects.

The figure below presents a schematic overview of the relations between the key concepts and packages in visualization. Naturally, "Geometry & Topology" is just an example of application data that can be handled by *AIS*, and application-specific interactive objects can deal with any  kind of data. 

@image html visualization_image003.png "Key concepts and packages in visualization"
@image latex visualization_image003.png "Key concepts and packages in visualization"

To answer different needs of CASCADE users, this User's Guide offers the following three paths in reading it.
  
  * If the 3D services proposed in AIS meet your requirements, you  need only read chapter 3 <a href="#occt_visu_3">AIS: Application Interactive Services</a>.   
  * If you need more detail, for example, a selection filter on another type of entity - you should  read chapter 2 <a href="#occt_visu_2">Fundamental Concepts</a>, chapter 3 <a href="#occt_visu_3">AIS: Application Interactive Services</a>, and 4 <a href="#occt_visu_4">3D Presentations</a>. You may want to begin with the chapter presenting AIS.

@section occt_visu_2  Fundamental Concepts

@subsection occt_visu_2_1 Presentation 

In Open CASCADE Technology, presentation services are  separated from the data, which they represent, which is generated by  applicative algorithms.  This division allows you to modify a geometric or topological   algorithm and its resulting objects without modifying the visualization  services.  

@subsubsection occt_visu_2_1_1 Structure of  the Presentation

Displaying an object on the screen involves three kinds of entities:
  * a presentable object, the *AIS_InteractiveObject*
  * a viewer 
  * an interactive context, the *AIS_InteractiveContext*. 

<h4>The presentable object</h4>
The purpose of a presentable object is to provide the  graphical representation of an object in the form of *Graphic3d* structure. On  the first display request, it creates this structure by calling the appropriate  algorithm and retaining this framework for further display.  

Standard presentation algorithms are provided in the *StdPrs*  and *Prs3d* packages. You can, however, write specific presentation algorithms of  your own, provided that they create presentations made of structures from the *Graphic3d* packages. You can also create several presentations of a single  presentable object: one for each visualization mode supported by your  application.  

Each object to be presented individually must be presentable  or associated with a presentable object. 

<h4>The viewer </h4>
The viewer allows interactively manipulating views of the object. When you zoom, translate or rotate a view, the viewer operates on  the graphic structure created by the presentable object and not on the data  model of the application. Creating Graphic3d structures in your presentation  algorithms allows you to use the 3D viewers provided in Open CASCADE Technology for 3D visualisation.  

<h4>The Interactive Context </h4>
The  interactive context controls the entire presentation process from a common  high-level API. When the application requests the display of an object, the  interactive context requests the graphic structure from the presentable object  and sends it to the viewer for displaying. 

@subsubsection occt_visu_2_1_2 Presentation packages

Presentation involves at least the *AIS, PrsMgr, StdPrs* and  *V3d* packages. Additional packages, such as *Prs3d* and *Graphic3d* may be used if  you need to implement your own presentation algorithms.  

* *AIS* package provides all  classes to implement interactive objects (presentable and selectable entities).  
* *PrsMgr* package   provides low level services and is only to be used when you do not want to use the services provided by AIS. It contains all classes needed to implement the presentation process: abstract classes *Presentation*  and *PresentableObject*  and concrete class *PresentationManager3d*.
* *StdPrs* package  provides ready-to-use standard presentation algorithms for specific geometries: points, curves and  shapes of the geometry and topology toolkits.
* *Prs3d* package provides generic presentation algorithms such as wireframe, shading and hidden line removal associated with a *Drawer* class, which controls the attributes of the presentation to be created in terms of color, line type, thickness, etc.
* *V3d* package provides  the services supported by the 3D viewer.
* *Graphic3d* package provides resources to create 3D graphic structures.
* *Visual3d* package contains classes implementing commands for 3D viewer.
* *DsgPrs* package provides tools for display of dimensions, relations and XYZ trihedrons.

@subsubsection occt_visu_2_1_3 A Basic Example: How to display a 3D object 

~~~~~
Void Standard_Real dx  = ...; //Parameters   
Void Standard_Real dy  = ...; //to build  a wedge  
Void Standard_Real dz  = ...;  
Void Standard_Real ltx = ...; 

Handle(V3d_Viewer)aViewer = ...;  
Handle(AIS_InteractiveContext)aContext;  
aContext = new AIS_InteractiveContext(aViewer);     

BRepPrimAPI_MakeWedge w(dx, dy, dz, ltx);  
TopoDS_Solid & = w.Solid();  
Handle(AIS_Shape) anAis = new AIS_Shape(S);  
//creation of the presentable  object  
aContext -> Display(anAis);  
//Display the presentable  object in the 3d viewer. 
~~~~~

The shape is created using the *BRepPrimAPI_MakeWedge*  command. An *AIS_Shape* is then created from the shape. When calling the *Display* command, the interactive context calls the Compute method of the  presentable object to calculate the presentation data and transfer it to the  viewer. See figure below.  

@image html visualization_image004.png "Processes involved in displaying a presentable shape"
@image latex visualization_image004.png "Processes involved in displaying a presentable shape"

@subsection occt_visu_2_2 Selection 

Objects that may be selected graphically, are displayed as sets of sensitive primitives, which provide sensitive zones in 2D graphic space. These zones are sorted according to their position on the screen when starting the selection process.  
  
@image html visualization_image006.png "A model"
@image latex visualization_image006.png "A model"

The position of the mouse is also associated with a sensitive zone. When moving within the window where objects are displayed, the areas touched by the zone of the mouse are analyzed. The owners of these areas  are then highlighted or signaled by other means such as the name of the object highlighted in a list. That way, you are informed of the identity of the detected element.  

@image html visualization_image007.png "Modeling faces with sensitive primitives"
@image latex visualization_image007.png "Modeling faces with sensitive primitives"

@image html visualization_image008.png "In a dynamic selection, each sensitive polygon is represented by its  bounding rectangle"   
@image latex visualization_image008.png "In a dynamic selection, each sensitive polygon is represented by its  bounding rectangle"

@image html visualization_image009.png "Reference to the sensitive primitive, then to the owner"
@image latex visualization_image009.png "Reference to the sensitive primitive, then to the owner"


@subsubsection occt_visu_2_2_1 The Sensitive Primitive

The sensitive primitive along with the entity owner allows defining what can be made selectable, and providing the link between the applicative object and the sensitive zones defined by the 2D bounding boxes. To be dynamically selectable, an object has to be  represented either as a sensitive primitive or a set of them, e.g. 2D  boxes that will be included in a sorting algorithm.

The use of 2D boxes allows a pre-selection of the detected  entities. After pre-selection, the algorithm checks which sensitive primitives are actually detected. When detected, the primitives provide their owners' identity.

@image html visualization_image010.png "Example of sensitive primitives"
@image latex visualization_image010.png "Example of sensitive primitives"

In the example, the sensitive line segment proposes a bounding box to the selector. During selection, positions 1 and 2 of the mouse detect the box  but after sorting, only position 2 retains the line segment as selected by the  algorithm.  

When the Box associated with the position of the mouse intersects the Box of a sensitive primitive, the owner of the sensitive  primitive is called and its presentation is highlighted.  

The notion of sensitive primitive is important for the developer when defining his own classes of sensitive primitives for the chosen selection modes. The classes must contain *Areas* and *Matches*  functions. 

The former provides the list of 2D sensitive boxes representing the sensitive primitive at pre-selection and the latter determines if the detection of the primitive by the 2D boxes is valid. 


@subsubsection occt_visu_2_2_2 Dynamic Selection 

Dynamic selection causes objects in a view to be  automatically highlighted 
as the mouse cursor moves over them. This allows the  user to be certain that the picked object
 is the correct one. Dynamic Selection  is based on the following two concepts:  

  * a Selectable Object (*AIS_InteractiveObject*) 
  * an Interactive Context
  
<h4>Selectable Object</h4>

A selectable object presents a given number of selection  modes which can be redefined, and which will be activated or deactivated in the selection manager's selectors.  

Note that the selection mode of a selectable object, can refer to the selection mode of  the object itself or to the selection mode of its part.

For each selection mode, a *SelectMgr_Selection* object  class is included in the selectable object. (Each selection mode establishes a  priority of selection for each class of selectable object defined.)  

The notion of **Selection** is comparable to the notion of **Display**.  Just as a display contains a set of graphic primitives that allow display of  the entity in a specific display mode, a **Selection** contains a set of sensitive  primitives, which allow detection of the entities they are associated with.  

<h4>Interactive Context</h4>

The interactive context is used to manage both selectable  objects and selection processes.  

Selection modes may be activated or de-activated for given  selectable objects. Information is then provided about the status of  activated/de-activated selection modes for a given object in a given selector. 

See also <a href="#occt_visu_3">AIS: Application Interactive Services</a>.

Let us consider, for example, a 3D selectable shape object, which  corresponds to a topological shape.  

For this class, seven selection modes can be defined:  
* mode 0 - selection of the shape itself 
* mode 1 - selection of vertices  
* mode 2 - selection of edges  
* mode 3 - selection of wires  
* mode 4 - selection of faces  
* mode 5 - selection of shells  
* mode 6 - selection of solids  
* mode 7 - selection of compsolids 
* mode 8 - selection of compounds  

Selection 2 includes the sensitive primitives that model all  the edges of the shape. Each of these primitives contains a reference to the  edge it represents.  

The selections may be calculated before any activation and  are graph independent as long as they are not activated in a given selector.  Activation of selection mode 3 in a selector associated with a view V leads to  the projection of the 3D sensitive primitives contained in the selection; then  the 2D areas which represent the 2D bounding boxes of these primitives are  provided to the sorting process of the selector containing all the detectable  areas.  

To deactivate selection mode 3 remove all those 2D areas. 


@subsubsection occt_visu_2_2_3  Selection Packages

Selection of 3D data structures is provided using various algorithms. The following selection packages exist : *SelectBasics*,  *SelectMgr*, *Select3D* and *StdSelect*.

### Basic Selection

*SelectBasics* package contains the basic classes  of the selection:  
  * the main definition of a sensitive primitive: *SensitiveEntity*, which is a selectable entity in a view;
  * the definition of a sensitive primitive owner: *EntityOwner* this entity relates the primitive to the application entity which is to be selected in the view.
  * the algorithm used for sorting sensitive boxes: *SortAlgo* 

*EntityOwner* is used to establish a link from *SensitiveEntity*  to application-level objects. For example, *SelectMgr_EntityOwner* (see  below) class holds a pointer to corresponding *SelectableObject*. 

### Standard Selections

*Select3D* package provides definition of all 3D standard sensitive primitives such as point, curve and face. All these classes inherit from 3D *SensitiveEntry* from *SelectBasics* with an additional method, which allows recovery of the bounding boxes in the 2D graphic selection space, if required. This package also includes the 3D-2D projector.

*StdSelect* package provides standard uses of the classes described above and main tools used to prevent the developer from redefining the selection objects. In particular, *StdSelect* includes standard modes for selection of topological shapes, definition of several filter standard <i> Selection2d.ap </i> classes and 3D viewer selectors.

Note that each new Interactive Object must have all its selection modes defined.

### Selection Management

*SelectMgr* package is used to manage the whole dynamic selection process.

It provides low level services and classes *SelectMgr_SelectionManager* and *SelectMgr_ViewerSelector*. They can be used when you do not want to use the services provided by *AIS*.

There are also implementations of *ViewerSelector*  interface for 3D selection in *StdSelect* package: *ViewerSelector3d*. 

*SelectMgr* manages the process of dynamic selection through the following services:

  * Activating and deactivating selection modes for Interactive Objects.
  * Adding and removing viewer selectors.
  * Definitions of abstract filter classes.

The principle of graphic selection consists in representing the objects which you want to select by a bounding box in the selection view.
The object is selected when you use the mouse to designate the zone produced by the object.

To realize this, the application creates a selection structure which is independent of the point of view.
This structure is made up of sensitive primitives which have one owner object associated to each of them.
The role of the sensitive primitive is to reply to the requests of the selection algorithm whereas the owner's purpose is to make the link between the sensitive primitive and the object to be selected.
Each selection structure corresponds to a selection mode which defines the elements that can be selected.

### Example: Selection of a Geometric Model

For example, to select a complete geometric model, the application can create a sensitive primitive for each face of the interactive object representing the geometric model.
In this case, all the primitives share the same owner.
On the other hand, to select an edge in a model, the application must create one sensitive primitive per edge.

~~~~

void InteractiveBox::ComputeSelection (const Handle(SelectMgr_Selection)& theSel,
                                       const Standard_Integer theMode)
{
switch (theMode)
{
  case 0: // locating the whole box by making its faces sensitive
  {
    Handle(SelectMgr_EntityOwner) anOwner = new SelectMgr_EntityOwner (this, 5);
    for (Standard_Integer anIt = 1; anIt <= aFacesNb; anIt++)
    {
      theSel->Add (new Select3D_SensitiveFace (anOwner,[array of the vertices] face I);
      break;
    }
  case 1: // locating the edges
  {
    for (Standard_Integer anIt = 1; anIt <= 12; anIt++)
    {
      // 1 owner per edge
      Handle(mypk_EdgeOwner) anOwner = new mypk_EdgeOwner (this, anIt, 6); // 6->priority
      theSel->Add (new Select3D_SensitiveSegment (anOwner, firstpt (anIt), lastpt (anIt));
    }
  }
}

~~~~

The algorithms for creating selection structures store the sensitive primitives in a <i>SelectMgr_Selection</i> object.
To do this, a set of ready-made sensitive primitives is supplied in the <i>Select3D</i>package.
New sensitive primitives can be defined through inheritance from <i>SensitiveEntity</i>.
For the application to make its own objects selectable, it must define owner classes inheriting <i>SelectMgr_EntityOwner</i>.

Selection structures for any interactive object are generated in <i>ComputeSelection()</i> method.
In the example below there are different modes of selection on the topological shape contained within the interactive object,
selection of the shape itself, the vertices, the edges, the wires, the faces.

~~~~
  void MyPack_MyClass::ComputeSelection(
                const Handle(SelectMgr_Selection)& theaSelection,
                const Standard_Integer theMode)
  {
    switch (theMode)
    {
      case 0:
        StdSelect_BRepSelectionTool::Load (theSelection, this, myShape, TopAbs_SHAPE);
        break;
      case 1:
        StdSelect_BRepSelectionTool::Load (theSelection, this, myShape, TopAbs_VERTEX);
        break;
      case 2:
        StdSelect_BRepSelectionTool::Load (theSelection, this, myShape, TopAbs_EDGE);
        break;
      case 3:
        StdSelect_BRepSelectionTool::Load (theSelection, this, myShape, TopAbs_WIRE);
        break;
      case 4:
        StdSelect_BRepSelectionTool::Load (theSelection, this, myShape, TopAbs_FACE);
        break;
    }
  }
~~~~

The <i>StdSelect_BRepSelectionTool</i> object provides a high level service which will make the topological shape <i>myShape</i> selectable when the <i>AIS_InteractiveContext</i> is asked to display your object.

Note:

The traditional way of highlighting selected entity owners adopted by Open CASCADE Technology assumes that each entity owner highlights itself on its own. This approach has two drawbacks:

  * Each entity owner has to maintain its own <i>Prs3d_Presentation object</i>, that results in large memory overhead for thousands of owners.
  * Drawing selected owners one by one is not efficient from the OpenGL usage viewpoint.

That is why a different method has been introduced.
On the basis of <i>SelectMgr_EntityOwner::IsAutoHilight()</i> return value <i>AIS_LocalContext</i>
object either uses the traditional way of highlighting (<i>IsAutoHilight()</i> returned true)
or groups such owners according to their Selectable Objects and finally calls <i> SelectMgr_SelectableObject::HilightSelected()</i> or
<i>ClearSelected()</i>, passing a group of owners as an argument.

Hence, an application can derive its own interactive object and redefine <i> HilightSelected()</i>,
<i>ClearSelected()</i> and <i>HilightOwnerWithColor()</i> virtual methods
to take advantage of such OpenGL technique as arrays of primitives.
In any case, these methods should at least have empty implementation.

The <i>AIS_LocalContext::UpdateSelected (const Handle(AIS_InteratciveObject)&, Standard_Boolean)</i>
method can be used for efficient redrawing a selection presentation for a given interactive object from an application code.

Additionally, the <i>SelectMgr_SelectableObject::ClearSelections()</i> method now accepts an optional Boolean argument.
This parameter defines whether all object selections should be flagged for further update or not.
This improved method can be used to re-compute an object selection (without redisplaying the object completely)
when some selection mode is activated not for the first time.

@subsubsection occt_visu_2_2_4 How to use dynamic selection

Several operations must be performed prior to using dynamic  selection:  
1. Implement specific sensitive primitives  if those defined in Select3D are not sufficient. These primitives must inherit  from *SensitiveEntity* from *SelectBasics* or from a suitable Select3D  sensitive entity class when a projection from 3D to 2D is necessary.  
2. Define all the owner types, which will  be used, and the classes of selectable objects, i.e. the number of possible  selection modes for these objects and the calculation of the decomposition of  the object into sensitive primitives of all the primitives describing this  mode. It is possible to define only one default selection mode for a selectable  object if this object is to be selectable in a unique way.  
3. Install the process, which provides the  user with the identity of the owner of the detected entities in the selection  loop.  

When all these steps have been carried out, follow the  procedure below:  
1. Create an interactive context.  
2. Create the selectable objects and  calculate their various possible selections.  
3. Load these selectable objects in the  interactive context. The objects may be common to all the selectors, i.e. they  will be seen by all the selectors in the selection manager, or local to one  selector or more.  
4. Activate or deactivate the objects' selection modes in  the selector(s). When activating a selection mode in a selector for a given  object, the manager sends the order to make the sensitive primitives in this  selector selectable. If the primitives are to projected from 3D to 2D, the  selector calls the specific method used to carry out this projection.  

At this stage, the selection of selectable entities in the  selectors is available.  
The selection loop informs constantly the selectors with the  position of the mouse and questions them about the detected entities.  

Let us suppose that you create an application that displays  houses in a viewer of the V3d package and you want to select houses or parts of  these houses (windows, doors, etc.) in the graphic window.  
You define a selectable object called *House* and  propose four possible selection modes for this object:  
1. selection of the house itself; 
2. selection of the rooms  
3. selection of the walls  
4. selection of the doors.  

You have to write the method, which calculates the four  selections above, i.e. the sensitive primitives which are activated when the  mode is.  
You must define the class *Owner* specific to your  application. This class will contain the reference to the house element it  represents: wall, door or room. It inherits from *EntityOwner* from *SelectMgr*.   
For example, let us consider a house with the following  representation:  

@image html visualization_image011.png "Selection of rooms in a house"
@image latex visualization_image011.png "Selection of rooms in a house"

To build the selection, which corresponds to the mode "selection  of the rooms" 
(selection 2 in the list of selection modes), use the following  procedure:  

~~~~~

Void House::ComputeSelection 
        (Const  Handle(SelectMgr_Selection)& Sel, 
         const Standard_Integer mode { 
                 switch(mode){   
                case 0: //Selection of the rooms  
                {   
                for(Standard_Integer i = 1; i <= myNbRooms; i++)   
                { 
                //for every room, create an instance of the owner, the given room  and its name. 
                Handle(RoomOwner) aRoomOwner = new RoomOwner (Room(i),  NameRoom(i)); 
                //Room() returns a room and NameRoom() returns its name.  
        Handle(Select3d_SensitiveBox) aSensitiveBox; 
        aSensitiveBox = new Select3d_SensitiveBox  
                (aRoomOwner, Xmin, Ymin, Zmin,  Xmax, Ymax, Zmax); 
                 Sel -> Add(aSensitiveBox);   
                }   
                break;   
                Case 1: ... //Selection of the doors   
                } //Switch     
) // ComputeSelection  
~~~~~

@image html visualization_image012.png "Activated sensitive boxes  corresponding to selection mode 0 (selection of rooms)"
@image latex visualization_image012.png "Activated sensitive boxes  corresponding to selection mode 0 (selection of rooms)"

@image html visualization_image013.png "Activated sensitive rectangles in the selector during dynamic selection in view 1"
@image latex visualization_image013.png "Activated sensitive rectangles in the selector during dynamic selection in view 1"

@image html visualization_image014.png "Activated sensitive polygons corresponding  to selection mode 1 (selection of doors)"
@image latex visualization_image014.png "Activated sensitive polygons corresponding  to selection mode 1 (selection of doors)"

@image html visualization_image015.png "Sensitive rectangles in the selector during  dynamic selection in view 2"
@image latex visualization_image015.png "Sensitive rectangles in the selector during  dynamic selection in view 2"

@section occt_visu_3 Application Interactive Services 
@subsection occt_visu_3_1 Introduction 

Application Interactive Services allow managing presentations and dynamic selection in a viewer in a simple and  transparent manner. 

The central entity for management of visualization and selections is the **Interactive Context**. It is connected to the main viewer (and if  need be, the trash bin viewer). It has two operating modes: the Neutral Point and  the local visualization and selection context. 

The neutral point, which is the  default mode, allows easily visualizing and selecting interactive objects loaded into the context. 

**Local Contexts** can be opened to prepare and use a temporary selection environment without disturbing
the neutral point. It is possible to choose the interactive objects, which you want to act on, the selection modes, which you want to activate, and the temporary visualizations, which you will execute. 

When the operation is finished, you close the current local context and return to the state 
in which you were before opening it (neutral point or previous local context).  

**Interactive Objects** are the entities, which are visualized and selected. You can use classes of standard interactive objects for which all necessary functions have already been programmed, or you can implement your own classes of interactive objects, by respecting a certain number of rules and  conventions described below.  

@image html visualization_image016.png 
@image latex visualization_image016.png 

An Interactive Object is a "virtual" entity, which can be  presented and selected. An Interactive Object can have a certain number of specific graphic attributes, such as visualization mode, color and  material. 

When an Interactive Object is visualized, the required graphic attributes are taken from its own **Drawer** if it has the required custom attributes or otherwise from the context drawer. 

@image html visualization_image017.png 
@image latex visualization_image017.png 

It can be necessary to filter the entities to be selected. Consequently there are **Filter** entities, which allow refining the dynamic detection context.  Some of these filters can be used at the Neutral Point, others only in an open local context. It is possible to program custom filters and load them into the interactive context.  

@subsection occt_visu_3_2 Interactive objects

Entities which are visualized and selected in the AIS viewer are objects. They connect the underlying reference geometry of a model to its graphic representation in *AIS*. You can use the predefined OCCT classes of standard interactive objects, for which all necessary functions have already been programmed, or, if you are an advanced user, you can implement your own classes of interactive objects.

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_2_1 Presentations

An interactive object can have as many  presentations as its creator wants to give it. 

3D presentations are managed by PresentationManager3D. As this is  transparent in AIS, the user does not have to worry about it. 

A presentation is identified by an index and by the reference to  the Presentation Manager which it depends on. 

By convention, the default mode of  representation for the Interactive Object has index 0. 

@image html visualization_image018.png 
@image latex visualization_image018.png 

Calculation of different presentations of an interactive  object is done by the *Compute* functions inheriting from *PrsMgr_  PresentableObject::Compute* functions. They are automatically called by *PresentationManager*  at a visualization or an update request.  

If you are creating your own type of interactive object, you  must implement the Compute function in one of the following ways:  

#### For 3D:

~~~~~
void PackageName_ClassName::Compute  
        (const  Handle(PrsMgr_PresentationManager3d)& aPresentationManager,   
         const  Handle(Prs3d_Presentation)& aPresentation,  
         const Standard_Integer aMode =  0);  
~~~~~

####  For hidden line removal (HLR) mode in 3D:
~~~~~
void PackageName_ClassName::Compute  
        (const  Handle(Prs3d_Projector)& aProjector,  
         const  Handle(Prs3d_Presentation)& aPresentation);  
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_2_2 Hidden Line Removal

The view can have two states: the normal mode or the computed  mode (Hidden Line Removal mode). When the latter is active, the view looks for all presentations displayed in the normal mode, which have been signalled  as accepting HLR mode. An internal mechanism allows calling the interactive  object's own *Compute*, that is projector function. 

By  convention, the Interactive Object accepts or rejects the  representation of HLR mode. It is possible to make this declaration in one of two ways:

* Initially by using one of the values of the enumeration  *PrsMgr_TypeOfPresentation*: 
  * *PrsMgr_TOP_AllView*,
  * *PrsMgr_TOP_ProjectorDependant*

* Later by using the function *PrsMgr_PresentableObject::SetTypeOfPresentation* 

*AIS_Shape* class is an example of an interactive object that supports  HLR representation. It supports two types of the HLR algorithm:  
* the  polygonal algorithm based on the shape's triangulation; 
* the  exact algorithm that works with the shape's real geometry. 

The type of the HLR algorithm is stored in *AIS_Drawer* of the  shape. It is a value of the *Prs3d_TypeOfHLR* enumeration and can be set to: 
        * *Prs3d_TOH_PolyAlgo* for a polygonal algorithm; 
        * *Prs3d_TOH_Algo*  for an exact algorithm; 
        * *Prs3d_TOH_NotSet*  if the type of algorithm is not set for the given interactive object instance. 

The type of the HLR algorithm used for *AIS_Shape* can be changed by calling the *AIS_Shape::SetTypeOfHLR()* method. 

The current  HLR algorithm type can be obtained using *AIS_Shape::TypeOfHLR()* method  is to be used. 

These methods get the  value from the drawer of *AIS_Shape*. If the HLR algorithm type in the *AIS_Drawer* is set to *Prs3d_TOH_NotSet*, the *AIS_Drawer* gets the value from the default  drawer of *AIS_InteractiveContext*.

So it is possible to change the default HLR algorithm used by all newly displayed interactive objects. The  value of the HLR algorithm type stored in the context drawer can be *Prs3d_TOH_Algo* or *Prs3d_TOH_PolyAlgo*. The polygonal algorithm is the default one. 

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_2_3 Presentation modes

There are four types of interactive objects in AIS:  
  * the "construction element" or Datum, 
  * the Relation (dimensions and constraints) 
  * the Object 
  * the None type (when the object is  of an unknown type). 

Inside these categories, additional characterization is  available by means of a signature (an index.) By default, the interactive  object has a NONE type and a signature of 0 (equivalent to NONE.) If you want  to give a particular type and signature to your interactive object, you must  redefine two virtual functions:  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::Type*  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::Signature*.  

**Note** that some signatures are already used by "standard" objects provided in AIS (see the <a href="#occt_visu_3_5">list of Standard Interactive Object Classes</a>).  

The interactive context can have a  default mode of representation for the set of interactive objects. This mode  may not be accepted by a given class of objects. 

Consequently, to get information about this class it is necessary to use virtual  function *AIS_InteractiveObject::AcceptDisplayMode*.  

#### Display Mode

The functions *AIS_InteractiveContext::SetDisplayMode* and *AIS_InteractiveContext::UnsetDisplayMode* allow setting a custom display mode for an objects, which can be different from that proposed by the interactive context.

#### Highlight Mode

At dynamic detection, the presentation echoed  by the Interactive Context, is by default the presentation already on the screen. 

The functions  *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetHilightMode* and *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnSetHilightMode* allow specifying the display mode used for highlighting (so called highlight mode), which is valid independently from the active  representation of the object. It makes no difference whether this choice is  temporary or definitive. 

Note that the same presentation (and consequently the same  highlight mode) is used for highlighting *detected* objects and for  highlighting *selected* objects, the latter being drawn with a special *selection  color* (refer to the section related to *Interactive Context*  services). 

For example, you want to systematically highlight  the wireframe presentation of a shape - non regarding if it is visualized in  wireframe presentation or with shading. Thus, you set the highlight mode to *0* in the constructor of the interactive object. Do not forget to implement this representation mode in the *Compute* functions.  

#### Infinite Status
If you do not want an object to be affected  by a *FitAll* view, you must declare it infinite; you can cancel its "infinite"  status using *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetInfiniteState* and *AIS_InteractiveObject::IsInfinite* functions. 

Let us take for example the class called *IShape* representing  an interactive object :

~~~~~ 
myPk_IShape::myPK_IShape  
        (const TopoDS_Shape& SH,  PrsMgr_TypeOfPresentation aType):  
        AIS_InteractiveObject(aType), myShape(SH), myDrwr(new AIS_Drawer())  {SetHilightMode(0);}   
void myPk_IShape::Compute  
        (const Handle(PrsMgr_PresentationManager3d)  & PM,  
         const Handle(Prs3d_Presentation)& P,   
         const Standard_Integer TheMode) 
{ 
        switch (TheMode){  
        case 0: 
        StdPrs_WFDeflectionShape::Add  (P,myShape,myDrwr);  //algo for  calculation of wireframe presentation break;  
        case 1: 
        StdPrs_ShadedShape::Add  (P,myShape,myDrwr);   //algo for calculation of shading presentation.  
        break; 
        }  
}  
void myPk_IsShape::Compute  
        (const  Handle(Prs3d_Projector)& Prj,  
        const  Handle(Prs3d_Presentation) P)  
{ 
        StdPrs_HLRPolyShape::Add(P,myShape,myDrwr); 
        //Hidden line mode calculation algorithm  
}  
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_2_4 Selection 

An interactive object can have an indefinite number of selection modes, each representing a "decomposition" into sensitive primitives;  each primitive has an Owner (*SelectMgr_EntityOwner*) which allows identifying the exact entity which has been detected (see <a href="#occt_visu_3_6"> Dynamic Selection</a> chapter).  

The set of sensitive primitives, which correspond to a given  mode, is stocked in a SELECTION (*SelectMgr_Selection*). 

Each Selection mode is identified by an index. By  Convention, the default selection mode that allows us to grasp the Interactive  object in its entirety is mode *0*.  

The calculation of Selection primitives (or sensitive  primitives) is done by the intermediary of a virtual function, *ComputeSelection*.  This should be implemented for each type of interactive object on which you  want to make different type selections using the function *AIS_ConnectedInteractive::ComputeSelection*.  

A detailed explanation of the mechanism and the manner of  implementing this function has been given in <a href="#occt_visu_3_6"> Dynamic Selection</a> chapter.  

Moreover, just as the most frequently manipulated entity is *TopoDS_Shape*, the most used Interactive Object is *AIS_Shape*. You will see below activation functions for standard selection modes are proposed in the  Interactive context (selection by vertex, by edges etc). To create new classes  of interactive object with the same behavior as *AIS_Shape* - such as vertices  and edges - you must redefine the virtual function *AIS_ConnectedInteractive::AcceptShapeDecomposition*.  

You can change the default selection mode index of an  Interactive Object using the following functions: 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::HasSelectionMode* checks if there is a selection mode; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SelectionMode* check the current selection mode; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::SetSelectionMode* sets a selection mode; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::UnsetSelectionMode* unsets a selection mode.
  
These functions can be useful if you decide that the *0*  mode used by default will not do. In the same way, you can temporarily  change the priority of certain interactive objects for selection of 0 mode to facilitate detecting them graphically using the following functions: 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::HasSelectionPriority* checks if there is a selection priority setting for the  owner; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SelectionPriority* checks the current priority; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetSelectionPriority* sets a priority; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnsetSelectionPriority* unsets the priority.
  
    
@subsubsection occt_visu_3_2_5 Graphic attributes

Graphic attributes manager, or *AIS Drawer*, stores graphic attributes for specific interactive objects and for interactive objects controlled by interactive context.

Initially, all drawer attributes are filled out with the predefined values which will define the default 3D object appearance.

When an interactive object is visualized, the required graphic attributes are first taken from its own drawer if one exists, or from the context drawer if no specific drawer for that type of object exists.

Keep in mind the following points concerning graphic attributes:
  * Each interactive object can have its own visualization  attributes.
  * The set of graphic attributes of an interactive object is stocked  in an *AIS_Drawer*, which is only a *Prs3d_Drawer* with the  possibility of a link to another drawer 
  * By default, the interactive object takes the graphic attributes  of the context in which it is visualized (visualization mode, deflection values  for the calculation of presentations, number of isoparameters, color, type of  line, material, etc.) 
  * In the *AIS_InteractiveObject* abstract class, standard attributes including color, line thickness, material, and transparency have been privileged. Consequently, there is a certain number of virtual  functions, which allow acting on these attributes. Each  new class of interactive object can redefine these functions and change the behavior of the class. 

@image html visualization_image019.png "Figure 13. Redefinition of virtual functions for changes in AIS_Point"
@image latex visualization_image019.png "Figure 13. Redefinition of virtual functions for changes in AIS_Point"

@image html visualization_image020.png "Figure 14. Redefinition of virtual functions for changes in AIS_Shape."
@image latex visualization_image020.png "Figure 14. Redefinition of virtual functions for changes in AIS_Shape."

The  following virtual functions provide settings for color, width, material and transparency:  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnsetColor* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetWidth* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnsetWidth* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetMaterial   (const Graphic3d_NameOfPhysicalMaterial & aName)* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetMaterial   (const Graphic3d_MaterialAspect & aMat)* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnsetMaterial* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetTransparency* 
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnsetTransparency* 

For other types of attribute, it is  appropriate to change the Drawer of the object directly using:  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetAttributes*
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::UnsetAttributes*

It is important to know which functions may imply the recalculation of  presentations of the object. 

If the presentation mode of an interactive object is to be updated, a flag from *PrsMgr_PresentableObject*  indicates this. 

The mode can be updated using the functions *Display*  and *Redisplay* in *AIS_InteractiveContext*.  

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_2_6 Complementary  Services

When you use complementary services for interactive objects, pay special attention to the cases mentioned below. 

#### Change the location of an interactive object

The following functions  allow temporarily "moving" the representation and selection of  Interactive Objects in a view without recalculation.  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::SetLocation*  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::ResetLocation*  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HasLocation*  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::Location*  
 
#### Connect an interactive object to an applicative  entity

Each Interactive Object has functions that allow attributing it an *Owner* in form of a *Transient*.  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetOwner*  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::HasOwner*  
  * *AIS_InteractiveObject::Owner*  

An interactive object can therefore be associated or not with an applicative entity, without affecting its behavior. 

#### Resolving coincident topology

Due to the fact that the accuracy of three-dimensional  graphics coordinates has a finite resolution the elements of topological  objects can coincide producing the effect of "popping" some elements one over  another. 

To the problem when the elements of two or  more Interactive Objects are coincident you can apply the polygon offset. It is a  sort of graphics computational offset, or depth buffer offset, that allows you  to arrange elements (by modifying their depth value) without changing their  coordinates. The graphical elements that accept this kind of offsets are solid  polygons or displayed as boundary lines and points. The polygons could be  displayed as lines or points by setting the appropriate interior style. 

The method *AIS_InteractiveObject::SetPolygonOffsets (const Standard_Integer aMode, const Standard_Real aFactor, const Standard_Real aUnits)* allows setting up the polygon  offsets.

The  parameter *aMode* can contain various combinations of *Aspect_PolygonOffsetMode* enumeration elements: 
  * *Aspect_POM_None*
  * *Aspect_POM_Off*
  * *Aspect_POM_Fill*
  * *Aspect_POM_Line*
  * *Aspect_POM_Point*
  * *Aspect_POM_All*

The combination  of these elements defines the polygon display modes that will use the given  offsets. You can switch off the polygon offsets by passing *Aspect_POM_Off*.  Passing *Aspect_POM_None* allows changing the *aFactor* and *aUnits* values  without changing the mode. If *aMode* is different from *Aspect_POM_Off*, the  *aFactor* and *aUnits* arguments are used by the graphics renderer to calculate the  depth offset value: 
~~~~~
 offset  = aFactor * m + aUnits * r
~~~~~
where  *m* is the maximum depth slope for the currently displayed polygons, r is the minimum  depth resolution (implementation-specific). 

Negative  offset values move polygons closer to the viewer while positive values shift  polygons away. 

**Warning**
 
This  method has a side effect - it creates its own shading aspect if not yet  created, so it is better to set up the object shading aspect first. 

You can use the following  functions to obtain the current settings for polygon offsets: 
~~~~~
  void  AIS_InteractiveObject::PolygonOffsets
                (Standard_Integer &aMode, 
                 Standard_Real &aFactor, 
                 Standard_Real &aUnits) 
  Standard_Boolean AIS_InteractiveObject::HasPolygonOffsets() 
~~~~~

The same  operation could be performed for the interactive object known by the *AIS_InteractiveContext* with the following methods: 
~~~~~
void  AIS_InteractiveContext::SetPolygonOffsets
        (const Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject) &anObj, 
         const Standard_Integer aMode,  
         const Standard_Real aFactor, 
         const Standard_Real aUnits) 
void  AIS_InteractiveContext::PolygonOffsets
        (const Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject) &anObj, 
         Standard_Integer &aMode,  
         Standard_Real &aFactor, 
         Standard_Real &aUnits) 
Standard_Boolean      AIS_InteractiveContext::HasPolygonOffsets
        (const Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject) &anObj) 
~~~~~

@subsection occt_visu_3_3 Interactive Context 

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_3_1 Rules 

The Interactive Context allows managing in a transparent  way the graphic and **selectable** behavior of interactive objects in one or  more viewers. Most functions which allow modifying the attributes of  interactive objects, and which were presented in the preceding chapter, will be  looked at again here.  

There is one essential rule to follow: the modification of  an interactive object, which is already known by the Context, must be done  using Context functions. You can only directly call the functions available for  an interactive object if it has not been loaded into an Interactive Context.  

~~~~~
Handle (AIS_Shape) TheAISShape = new AIS_Shape (ashape);  
        myIntContext->Display(TheAISShape);  
        myIntContext->SetDisplayMode(TheAISShape ,1);  
        myIntContext->SetColor(TheAISShape,Quantity_NOC_RED);  
~~~~~

You can also write  

~~~~~
Handle (AIS_Shape) TheAISShape = new AIS_Shape (ashape);  
        TheAISShape->SetColor(Quantity_NOC_RED);  
        TheAISShape->SetDisplayMode(1);  
        myIntContext->Display(TheAISShape);  
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_3_2 Groups of functions 

**Neutral Point** and **Local Context** constitute the two operating modes or states of the **Interactive Context**, which is the central entity which pilots visualizations and selections.

The **Neutral Point**, which is the default mode, allows easily visualizing and selecting interactive objects, which have been loaded into the context. Opening **Local contexts** allows preparing and using a temporary selection environment without disturbing the neutral point.

A set of functions allows choosing the interactive objects which you want to act on, the selection modes which you want to activate, and the temporary visualizations which you will execute. When the operation is finished, you close the current local context and return to the state in which you were before opening it (neutral point or previous local context).

The Interactive Context is composed of many  functions, which can be conveniently grouped according to the theme:  
  * management proper to the context; 
  * management in the local context; 
  * presentations and selection in open/closed context; 
  * selection strictly speaking. 

Some functions can only be used in open Local Context; others in closed local context; others do not have the same behavior in one state as in the other.

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_3_3 Management of the Interactive Context 

The **Interactive Context** is made up of a **Principal Viewer** and, optionally, a trash bin or **Collector Viewer**.

An interactive object can have a certain number of specific graphic attributes, such as visualization mode, color, and material. Correspondingly, the interactive context has a set of graphic attributes, the *Drawer*, which is valid by default for the objects it controls.

When an interactive object is visualized, the required graphic attributes are first taken from the object's own <i>Drawer</i> if one exists, or from the context drawer for the others.

The following adjustable settings allow personalizing the behavior of presentations  and selections:
  * Default Drawer, containing all the color and line attributes  which can be used by interactive objects, which do not have their own attributes.
  * Default Visualization Mode for interactive objects.  By default: *mode  0* ;  
  * Highlight color of entities detected by mouse movement. By default: *Quantity_NOC_CYAN1*;  
  * Pre-selection color. By default:  *Quantity_NOC_GREEN*;  
  * Selection color (when you click on a detected object). By default:  *Quantity_NOC_GRAY80*;  
  * Sub-Intensity color. By default: *Quantity_NOC_GRAY40*.

All of these settings can be modified by functions proper to  the Context.  

When you change a graphic attribute pertaining to the  Context (visualization mode, for example), all interactive objects, which do  not have the corresponding appropriate attribute, are updated.  

Let us examine the case of two interactive objects: *obj1* and *obj2*:  

~~~~~
TheCtx->Display(obj1,Standard_False); // False = no viewer update 
TheCtx->Display(obj2,Standard_True); // True = viewer update  
TheCtx->SetDisplayMode(obj1,3,Standard_False); 
TheCtx->SetDisplayMode(2); 
// obj2 is visualised in mode 2 (if it accepts this mode) 
// obj1 stays visualised in its mode 3.  
~~~~~

*PresentationManager3D*  and *Selector3D*, which manage the presentation and selection of present  interactive objects,  are associated to the main Viewer. The same is true of the optional Collector. 

@subsection occt_visu_3_4 Local Context 

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_1 Rules and Conventions 

  * Opening a local context allows preparing an environment for  temporary presentations and selections, which will disappear once the local  context is closed. 
  * It is possible to open several local contexts, but only the last  one will be active. 
  * When you close a local context, the previous one, which is still on  the stack, is activated again. If none is left, you return to Neutral Point. 
  * Each local context has an index created when the context opens. You  should close the local context, which you have opened. 

The interactive object, which is used the most by  applications, is *AIS_Shape*. Consequently, standard functions are  available which allow you to easily prepare selection operations on the  constituent elements of shapes (selection of vertices, edges, faces etc) in an  open local context. The selection modes specific to "Shape" type objects are  called **Standard Activation Mode**. These modes are only taken into account  in open local context and only act on interactive objects which have redefined  the virtual function *AcceptShapeDecomposition()* so that it returns *TRUE*.   
  * Objects, which are temporarily in a local context, are not  recognized by other local contexts a priori. Only objects visualized in Neutral  Point are recognized by all local contexts. 
  * The state of a temporary interactive object in a local context  can only be modified while another local context is open. 

**Warning**

The specific modes of selection only concern the interactive  objects, which are present in the Main Viewer. In the Collector, you can only  locate interactive objects, which answer positively to the positioned filters  when a local context is open, however, they are never decomposed in  standard mode.  

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_2 Management of Local Context

The local context can be opened using method *AIS_InteractiveContext::OpenLocalContext*. The following options are available:
  * *UseDisplayedObjects*: allows loading the  interactive objects visualized at Neutral Point in the opened local context. If *FALSE*, the local context is empty after being opened. If *TRUE*,  the objects at Neutral Point are modified by their default selection mode. 
  * *AllowShapeDecomposition*: *AIS_Shape* allows or prevents  decomposition in standard shape location mode of objects at Neutral Point,  which are type-privileged (see <a href="#occt_visu_3_2_4"> Selection</a> chapter). This Flag is only taken  into account when *UseDisplayedObjects* is *TRUE*. 
  * *AcceptEraseOfObjects*: authorizes other local contexts to erase  the interactive objects present in this context. This option is rarely used. The last option has no current use.

This function returns the index of the created local context.  It should be kept and used when the context is closed.  

To load objects visualized at Neutral Point into a local  context or remove them from it use methods
~~~~~ 
  AIS_InteractiveContext::UseDisplayedObjects  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::NotUseDisplayedObjects  
~~~~~
Closing Local Contexts is done by:  
~~~~~
  AIS_InteractiveContext::CloseLocalContext  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::CloseAllContexts  
~~~~~

*Warning* 
When the index is not specified in the first function, the  current Context is closed. This option can be dangerous, as other Interactive  Functions can open local contexts without necessarily warning the user. For  greater security, you have to close the context with the index given on  opening. 

To get the index of the current context, use function *AIS_InteractiveContext::IndexOfCurrentLocal*. It allows closing all open local  contexts at one go. In this case, you find yourself directly at Neutral Point.  

When you close a local context, all temporary interactive  objects are deleted, all selection modes concerning the context are canceled, and all content filters are emptied.


@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_3 Presentation in a Neutral Point 

You must distinguish between the **Neutral Point** and the **Open Local Context** states. Although the majority of visualization  functions can be used in both situations, their behavior is different.

Neutral Point should be used to visualize the interactive  objects, which represent and select an applicative entity. Visualization and  Erasing orders are straightforward: 

~~~~~
AIS_InteractiveContext::Display  
        (const  Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject)& anIobj, 
         const  Standard_Boolean updateviewer=Standard_True);  

AIS_InteractiveContext::Display  
        (const  Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject)& anIobj,  
         const  Standard_Integer amode, 
         const  Standard_Integer aSelectionMode, 
         const  Standard_Boolean updateviewer = Standard_True,  
         const  Standard_Boolean allowdecomposition =  Standard_True);  

  AIS_InteractiveContext::Erase  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::EraseMode  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::ClearPrs  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::Redisplay  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::Remove  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::EraseAll  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::Hilight  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::HilightWithColor  
~~~~~
  
Bear in mind the following points:  
  * It is recommended to display and erase interactive objects when  no local context is opened, and open a local context for local selection only.
  * The first *Display* function among the two ones available in  *InteractiveContext* visualizes the object in its default mode (set with  help of SetDisplayMode() method of InteractiveObject prior to Display() call),  or in the default context mode, if applicable. If it has neither, the function  displays it in 0 presentation mode. The object's default selection mode is  automatically activated (0 mode by convention). 
  * Activating the displayed object by default can be turned off with  help of *SetAutoActivateSelection()* method. This might be efficient if  you are not interested in selection immediately after displaying an object.
  * The second *Display* function should only be used in Neutral  Point to visualize a supplementary mode for the object, which you can erase by  *EraseMode (...)*. You activate the selection mode. This is passed as an argument.  By convention, if you do not want to activate a selection mode, you must set  the *SelectionMode* argument to -1. This function is  especially interesting in open local context, as we will see below. 
  * In Neutral Point, it is not advisable to activate other selection  modes than the default selection one. It is preferable to open a local context  in order to activate particular selection modes. 
  * When you call *Erase(Interactive object)* function, the *PutIncollector*  argument, which is *FALSE* by default, allows you to visualize the object  directly in the Collector and makes it selectable (by activation of 0 mode).  You can nonetheless block its passage through the Collector by changing the  value of this option. In this case, the object is present in the Interactive  Context, but is not seen anywhere. 
  * *Erase()* with *putInCollector = Standard_True*  might be slow as it recomputes the object presentation in the Collector. Set *putInCollector* to *Standard_False* if you simply want to hide the object's  presentation temporarily.
  * Visualization attributes and graphic behavior can be modified through a set of functions similar to those for the interactive object (color, thickness of line, material, transparency,  locations, etc.) The context then manages immediate and deferred updates. 
  * Call *Remove()* method of *InteractiveContext* as soon  as the interactive object is no longer needed and you want to destroy it..  Otherwise, references to *InteractiveObject* are kept by *InteractiveContext*,  and the *Object* is not destroyed, which results in memory leaks. In  general, if the presentation of an  interactive object can be computed quickly, it  is recommended to *Remove()* it instead of using *Erase()* method.

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_4 Presentation in the Local Context

In open local context, the *Display* functions presented above can be as well.  

**WARNING** 

The function *AIS_InteractiveObject::Display* automatically  activates the object's default selection mode. When you only want to visualize  an Interactive Object in open Context, you must call the function *AIS_InteractiveContext::Display*.  

You can activate or deactivate specific selection modes in the local open context in several different ways:  
Use the Display functions with the appropriate modes.
   
~~~~~
  AIS_InteractiveContext::ActivateStandardMode
  //can be used only if a  Local Context is opened.   
  AIS_InteractiveContext::DeactivateStandardMode  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::ActivatedStandardModes  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::SetShapeDecomposition  
~~~~~

This activates the corresponding  selection mode for all objects in Local Context, which accept decomposition  into sub-shapes. Every new Object which has been loaded into the interactive  context and which meets the decomposition criteria is automatically  activated according to these modes.  

**WARNING**

If you have opened a local context by loading an object with  the default options <i>(AllowShapeDecomposition = Standard_True)</i>, all objects of  the "Shape" type are also activated with the same modes. You can change the  state of these "Standard" objects by using *SetShapeDecomposition(Status)*.  

Load an interactive object by the function *AIS_InteractiveContext::Load*.  

This function allows loading an Interactive Object  whether it is visualized or not with a given selection mode, and/or with the necessary decomposition option. If *AllowDecomp=TRUE* and obviously, if the  interactive object is of the "Shape" type, these "standard" selection modes  will be automatically activated as a function of the modes present in the Local  Context.  

Use *AIS_InteractiveContext::Activate* and *AIS_InteractiveContext::Deactivate* to directly activate/deactivate selection modes on an object.

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_5 Filters 

To define an environment of dynamic detection, you can use standard filter classes or create your own.
A filter questions the owner of the sensitive primitive in local context to determine if it has the desired qualities. If it answers positively, it is kept. If not, it is rejected.

The root class of objects is *SelectMgr_Filter*.  The principle behind it is straightforward: a filter tests to see whether the  owners <i>(SelectMgr_EntityOwner)</i> detected in mouse position by the Local  context selector answer *OK*. If so, it is kept, otherwise it is rejected.  

You can create a custom class of filter objects by  implementing the deferred function *IsOk()*:  

~~~~~
class MyFilter : public SelectMgr_Filter { };  
virtual Standard_Boolean MyFilter::IsOk  
        (const Handle(SelectMgr_EntityOwner)&  anObj) const = 0; 
~~~~~

In *SelectMgr*, there are also Composition filters (AND  Filters, OR Filters), which allow combining several filters. In  InteractiveContext , all filters that you add are stocked in an OR filter  (which answers *OK* if at least one filter answers *OK*).  

There are Standard filters, which have already been  implemented in several packages:  
  * *StdSelect_EdgeFilter* - for edges, such as lines and circles;  
  * *StdSelect_FaceFilter* - for faces, such as planes, cylinders and spheres;  
  * *StdSelect_ShapeTypeFilter* - for shape types, such as compounds, solids, shells and wires;
  * *AIS_TypeFilter* - for types  of interactive objects;  
  * *AIS_SignatureFilter* - for types  and signatures of interactive objects; 
  * *AIS_AttributeFilter* - for attributes of Interactive Objects, such as color and width.  

As there are specific behaviors on shapes, each new *Filter* class must, if necessary, redefine *AIS_LocalContext::ActsOn* function, which informs the Local Context if it acts on specific types of sub-shapes.  By default, this  function answers *FALSE*.

**WARNING**
 
Only type filters are activated in Neutral Point to  make it possible to identify a specific type of visualized object. For filters to come into play, one or more object selection modes must be activated.  

There are several functions to manipulate filters:  
* *AIS_InteractiveContext::AddFilter* adds a filter passed as an argument.  
* *AIS_InteractiveContext::RemoveFilter* removes a filter passed as an argument.  
* *AIS_InteractiveContext::RemoveFilters* removes all present filters.  
* *AIS_InteractiveContext::Filters* gets the list of filters active in a local context.  
  
<h4>Example </h4>

~~~~~
myContext->OpenLocalContext(Standard_False);  
// no object in neutral point is  loaded  

myContext->ActivateStandardMode(TopAbs_Face);  
//activates decomposition of  shapes into faces.  
Handle (AIS_Shape) myAIShape = new AIS_Shape (  ATopoShape);  

myContext->Display(myAIShape,1,-1,Standard_True,Standard_True);  

//shading visualization mode,  no specific mode, authorization for decomposition into sub-shapes. At this  Stage, myAIShape is decomposed into faces...  

Handle(StdSelect_FaceFilter) Fil1= new  
        StdSelect_FaceFilter(StdSelect_Revol);   
Handle(StdSelect_FaceFilter) Fil2= new 
      StdSelect_FaceFilter(StdSelect_Plane);  

myContext->AddFilter(Fil1);   
myContext->AddFilter(Fil2);  

//only faces of revolution or  planar faces will be selected 
      
myContext->MoveTo( xpix,ypix,Vue);  
// detects the mouse position  
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_6 Selection in the Local Context
 
Dynamic detection and selection are put into effect in a  straightforward way. There are only a few conventions and functions to be  familiar with. The functions are the same in neutral point and in open local context:   
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::MoveTo* - passes  mouse position to Interactive Context selectors  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::Select* - stocks  what has been detected on the last *MoveTo*. Replaces the previously selected  object. Empties the stack if nothing has been detected at the last move  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::ShiftSelect* - if  the object detected at the last move was not already selected, it is added to the list of the selected objects. If not, it is withdrawn. Nothing happens if you  click on an empty area.  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::Select* selects  everything found in the surrounding area.  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::ShiftSelect* selects  what was not previously in the list of selected, deselects those already present.  

Highlighting of detected and selected entities is  automatically managed by the Interactive Context, whether you are in neutral  point or Local Context. The Highlight colors are those dealt with above. You  can nonetheless disconnect this automatic mode if you want to manage this part yourself :  
~~~~~
  AIS_InteractiveContext::SetAutomaticHilight  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::AutomaticHilight  
~~~~~

If there is no open local context, the objects selected are called **current objects**. If there is a  local context, they are called **selected objects**. Iterators allow  entities to be recovered in either case. A set of functions allows manipulating the objects, which have been placed in these different lists.  

**WARNING**

When a Local Context is open, you can select entities other  than interactive objects (vertices, edges etc.) from decompositions in standard  modes, or from activation in specific modes on specific interactive objects.  Only interactive objects are stocked in the list of selected objects. 

You can  question the Interactive context by moving the mouse. The following functions can be used:  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HasDetected* informs if something has been detected; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HasDetectedShape* informs if it is a shape; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::DetectedShape* gets the shape if the detected entity is an object;
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::DetectedInteractive* gets the interactive object if the detected entity is an object. 

After using the *Select* and *ShiftSelect* functions in Neutral Point, you can explore the list of selections, referred to as current objects  in this context. The following functions can be used:    
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::InitCurrent* initiates a scan of this list; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::MoreCurrent* extends the scan; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::NextCurrent* resumes the scan; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::Current* gets the name of the current object  detected in the scan; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::FirstCurrentObject* gets the first current interactive object; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HilightCurrents* highlights current objects; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::UnhilightCurrents* removes highlight from current objects; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::ClearCurrents* empties the list of current objects in order to update it; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::IsCurrent* finds the current object. 

In the Local Context, you can explore the list of selected  objects available. The following functions can be used:    
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::InitSelected* initiates the list of objects; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::MoreSelected* extends the list of objects; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::NextSelected* resumes a scan;
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::SelectedShape* gets the name of the selected object; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HasSelectedShape* checks if the selected shape is obtained; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::Interactive* gets the picked interactive object; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HasApplicative* checks if the applicative object has an owner from  Interactive attributed to it; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::Applicative* gets the owner of the detected applicative entity; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::IsSelected* gets the name of the selected object. 


<h4>Example </h4>
~~~~~
myAISCtx->InitSelected();  
while (myAISCtx->MoreSelected())  
        { 
        if  (myAISCtx->HasSelectedShape) 
                { 
                TopoDS_Shape  ashape = myAISCtx->SelectedShape(); 
                        // to be able  to use the picked shape 
                                    }  
                else  
                { 
                Handle_AIS_InteractiveObject  anyobj = myAISCtx->Interactive(); 
                // to be able to use the picked interactive object  
                }  
myAISCtx->NextSelected();  
}     
~~~~~

You have to ask whether you have selected a shape  or an interactive object before you can recover the entity in the Local Context or in the iteration loop. If you have  selected a Shape from *TopoDS* on decomposition in standard mode, the *Interactive()* function returns the interactive object, which provided the selected  shape. Other functions allow you to manipulate the content of Selected or  Current Objects:  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::EraseSelected* erases the selected objects; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::DisplaySelected* displays them; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::SetSelected* puts the objects in the list of  selections;
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::SetSelectedCurrent* takes the list of selected objects from a local context and puts it  into the list of current objects in Neutral Point;
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::AddOrRemoveSelected* adds or removes an object from the list of selected entities; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::HilightSelected* highlights the selected object;
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::UnhilightSelected* removes highlighting from the selected object; 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::ClearSelected* empties the list of selected objects. 


You can highlight and remove highlighting from a current  object, and empty the list of current objects using the following functions:  
~~~~~
  AIS_InteractiveContext::HilightCurrents  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::UnhilightCurrents  
  AIS_InteractiveContext::ClearCurrents  
~~~~~
When you are in an open Local Context, you may need to keep  "temporary" interactive objects. This is possible using the following functions: 
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::KeepTemporary* transfers the characteristics of the  interactive object seen in its local context (visualization mode, etc.) to the  neutral point. When the local context is closed, the object does not disappear.  
  * *AIS_InteractiveContext::SetSelectedCurrent* allows the selected object to become the current object when you  close the local context.  

You can also want to use function *AIS_InteractiveContext::ClearLocalContext* to modify in a general way the state of the local context before continuing a selection (emptying objects, removing  filters, standard activation modes). 

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_4_7 Recommendations 

The possibilities of use for local contexts are numerous  depending on the type of operation that you want to perform:  
  * working on all visualized interactive objects, 
  * working on only a few objects, 
  * working on a single object. 

When you want to work on one type of entity, you should  open a local context with the option *UseDisplayedObjects* set to FALSE. Some  functions which allow you to recover the visualized interactive objects, which  have a given Type, and Signature from the "Neutral Point" are:  

~~~~~
AIS_InteractiveContext::DisplayedObjects (AIS_ListOfInteractive&  aListOfIO) const;  
AIS_InteractiveContext::DisplayedObjects (const AIS_KindOfInteractive  WhichKind, const Standard_Integer  WhichSignature;
AIS_ListOfInteractive&  aListOfIO) const;  
~~~~~

At this stage, you only have to load the functions *Load, Activate,* and so on.  

When you open a Local Context with default options, you  must keep the following points in mind:  
* The Interactive  Objects visualized at Neutral Point are activated with their default selection  mode. You must deactivate those, which you do not want to use.  
* The Shape Type  Interactive Objects are automatically decomposed into sub-shapes when standard  activation modes are launched.  
* The "temporary"  Interactive Objects present in the Local Contexts are not automatically taken  into account. You have to load them manually if you want to use them.  

The stages could be the following:
  1. Open  a Local Context with the right options;  
  2. Load/Visualize  the required complementary objects with the desired activation modes.  
  3. Activate  Standard modes if necessary  
  4. Create  its filters and add them to the Local Context  
  5. Detect/Select/recover  the desired entities  
  6. Close  the Local Context with the adequate index.  

It is useful to create an **interactive editor**, to which you  pass the Interactive Context. This allow setting up different  contexts of selection/presentation according to the operation, which you want  to perform. 
 
Let us assume that you have visualized several types of interactive objects: *AIS_Points*,  *AIS_Axes*, *AIS_Trihedrons*, and *AIS_Shapes*.  

For your applicative function, you need an axis to create a  revolved object. You could obtain this axis by identifying:  
  * an axis which is already visualized,
  * 2 points,
  * a rectilinear edge on the shapes which are present,
  * a cylindrical face on the shapes (You will take the axis of this  face) 

~~~~~
myIHMEditor::myIHMEditor  
        (const  Handle(AIS_InteractiveContext)& Ctx, 
         ....) : 
         myCtx(Ctx),  
        ...  
{ 
} 

myIHMEditor::PrepareContext() 
{ 
myIndex =myCtx->OpenLocalContext();  

//the filters  

Handle(AIS_SignatureFilter) F1 = new  AIS_SignatureFilter(AIS_KOI_Datum,AIS_SD_Point);   
//filter on the points  

Handle(AIS_SignatureFilter) F2 = new AIS_SignatureFilter(AIS_KOI_Datum,AIS_SD_Axis);   
//filters on the axes.  

Handle(StdSelect_FaceFilter) F3 = new StdSelect_FaceFilter(AIS_Cylinder);   
//cylindrical face filters  
//... 
// activation of standard modes  on the shapes..  
myCtx->ActivateStandardMode(TopAbs_FACE); 
myCtx->ActivateStandardMode(TopAbs_VERTEX); 
myCTX->Add(F1); 
myCTX->Add(F2); 
myCTX->Add(F3);  

// at  this point, you can call the selection/detection function  
} 

void myIHMEditor::MoveTo(xpix,ypix,Vue) 

{  myCTX->MoveTo(xpix,ypix,vue);  
// the highlight of what is  detected is automatic.  
}      
Standard_Boolean myIHMEditor::Select()  
{
// returns true if you should  continue the selection      
                myCTX->Select();   
                myCTX->InitSelected();  
                if(myCTX->MoreSelected()) 
                 {
                 if(myCTX->HasSelectedShape())     
                { const  TopoDS_Shape& sh = myCTX->SelectedShape(); 
                if(  vertex){  
                        if(myFirstV...)   
                        {  
                        //if it is the  first vertex, you stock it, then you deactivate the faces and only keep the  filter on the points: 
                        mypoint1 =  ....; 
                        myCtx->RemoveFilters(); 
                        myCTX->DeactivateStandardMode(TopAbs_FACE);   
                        myCtx->Add(F1);   
                        // the filter  on the AIS_Points  
                        myFirstV = Standard_False;  
                        return Standard_True;  
                         }
                        else
                         { 
                        mypoint2 =...;  
                        //  construction of the axis return Standard_False;  
                        } 
                 } 
                 else  
                  {  
                //it is a  cylindrical face : you recover the axis; visualize it; and stock it.  
                return  Standard_False;  
                }  
                  }  
                // it is not  a shape but is no doubt a point.  
                else  
                {  
                Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject)   
                SelObj =  myCTX->SelectedInteractive(); 
                if(SelObj->Type()==AIS_KOI_Datum)   
                { 
                        if(SelObj->Signature()==1)   
                        { 
                                if  (firstPoint) 
                                { 
                                mypoint1  =...  
                                return  Standard_True;  
                                } 
                                else 
                                {  
                                mypoint2 =  ...;  
                                //construction  of the axis, visualization, stocking  
                                return  Standard_False;  
                } 
                } 

                else  
                {  
                // you have  selected an axis; stock the axis  
                return  Standard_False; 
                } 
                } 
                } 
                } 
                }  
void myIHMEditor::Terminate()
{
myCtx->CloseLocalContext(myIndex); 
...
}
~~~~~

@subsection occt_visu_3_5 Standard Interactive Object Classes 

Interactive Objects are selectable and viewable objects connecting graphic representation and the underlying reference geometry.

They are divided into four types:
  * the **Datum** - a construction geometric element;
  * the **Relation** - a constraint on the interactive shape and the corresponding reference geometry;
  * the **Object** - a topological shape or connection between shapes;
  * **None** a token, that instead of eliminating the object, tells the application to look further until it finds an acceptable object definition in its generation.

Inside these categories, there is a possibility of additional characterization by means of a signature. The signature provides an index to the further characterization. By default, the **Interactive Object** has a *None* type and a signature of 0 (equivalent to *None*).
If you want to give a particular type and signature to your interactive object, you must redefine the two virtual methods: <i>Type</i> and <i>Signature</i>.

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_5_1 Datum

The **Datum** groups together the construction elements such as lines, circles, points, trihedrons, plane trihedrons, planes and axes.
  
*AIS_Point,  AIS_Axis,  AIS_Line,  AIS_Circle,  AIS_Plane* and *AIS_Trihedron* have four selection modes: 
  * mode 0 : selection of a trihedron; 
  * mode 1 : selection of the origin of the trihedron; 
  * mode 2 : selection of the axes; 
  * mode 3 : selection of the planes XOY, YOZ, XOZ. 

when you activate one of modes: 1 2 3 4, you pick AIS  objects of type:  
  * *AIS_Point* 
  * *AIS_Axis* (and information on the type of axis) 
  * *AIS_Plane* (and information on the type of plane). 

*AIS_PlaneTrihedron* offers three selection modes:  
  * mode 0 : selection of the whole trihedron; 
  * mode 1 : selection of the origin of the trihedron; 
  * mode 2 : selection of the axes - same remarks as for the Trihedron.

For the presentation of planes and trihedra, the default  unit of length is millimeter, and the default value for the representation of  axes is 100. If you modify these dimensions, you must temporarily recover the  object **Drawer**. From it, take the *Aspects* in which the values for length  are stored (*PlaneAspect* for the plane, *FirstAxisAspect* for trihedra), and  change these values inside these Aspects. Finally, recalculate the  presentation.  

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_5_2 Object

The **Object** type includes topological shapes, and connections between shapes.

*AIS_Shape* has three visualization modes :
  * mode 0 : Line (default mode) 
  * mode 1 : Shading (depending on the type of shape) 
  * mode 2 : Bounding Box 

And at maximum seven selection modes, depending on the shape complexity:
  * mode 0 : selection of the *AIS_Shape*; 
  * mode 1 : selection of the vertices; 
  * mode 2 : selection of the edges; 
  * mode 3 : selection of the wires; 
  * mode 4 : selection of the faces; 
  * mode 5 : selection of the shells; 
  * mode 6 : selection of the constituent solids. 

  * *AIS_Triangulation* is a simple interactive object for displaying  triangular mesh contained in *Poly_Triangulation* container. 
  * *AIS_ConnectedInteractive* is an Interactive Object connecting to  another interactive object reference, and located elsewhere in the viewer makes  it possible not to calculate presentation and selection, but to deduce them  from your object reference.  
  * *AIS_ConnectedShape* is an object connected to interactive objects  having a shape; this class has the same decompositions as *AIS_Shape*. Furthermore, it allows a presentation of hidden parts, which are calculated  automatically from the shape of its reference.  
  * *AIS_MultipleConnectedInteractive* is an object connected to a list  of interactive objects (which can also be Connected objects. It does not  require memory hungry calculations of presentation) 
  * *AIS_MultipleConnectedShape* is an interactive Object connected to  a list of interactive objects having a Shape <i>(AIS_Shape, AIS_ConnectedShape,  AIS_MultipleConnectedShape)</i>. The presentation of hidden parts is calculated  automatically.  
  * *AIS_TexturedShape* is an Interactive Object that supports texture  mapping. It is constructed as a usual AIS_Shape, but has additional methods  that allow to map a texture on it. 
  * *MeshVS_Mesh* is an Interactive Object that represents meshes, it  has a data source that provides geometrical information (nodes, elements) and  can be built up from the source data with a custom presentation builder. 


The class *AIS_ColoredShape* allows using custom colors and line widths for *TopoDS_Shape* objects and their sub-shapes.

~~~~~
  AIS_ColoredShape aColoredShape = new AIS_ColoredShape (theShape);

  // setup color of entire shape
  aColoredShape->SetColor (Quantity_Color (Quantity_NOC_RED));

  // setup line width of entire shape
  aColoredShape->SetWidth (1.0);

  // set transparency value
  aColoredShape->SetTransparency (0.5);

  // customize color of specified sub-shape
  aColoredShape->SetCustomColor (theSubShape, Quantity_Color (Quantity_NOC_BLUE1));

  // customize line width of specified sub-shape
  aColoredShape->SetCustomWidth (theSubShape, 0.25);
~~~~~

The presentation class *AIS_PointCloud* can be used for efficient drawing of large arbitrary sets of colored points. It uses *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints* to pass point data into OpenGl graphic driver to draw a set points as an array of "point sprites". The point data is packed into vertex buffer object for performance.
- The type of point marker used to draw points can be specified as a presentation aspect.
- The presentation provides selection by a bounding box of the visualized set of points. It supports two display / highlighting modes: points or bounding box.

@image html point_cloud.png "A random colored cloud of points"

Example:
~~~~~
Handle(Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints) aPoints = new Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints (2000, Standard_True);
aPoints->AddVertex (gp_Pnt(-40.0, -40.0, -40.0), Quantity_Color (Quantity_NOC_BLUE1));
aPoints->AddVertex (gp_Pnt (40.0,  40.0,  40.0), Quantity_Color (Quantity_NOC_BLUE2));

Handle(AIS_PointCloud) aPntCloud = new AIS_PointCloud();
aPntCloud->SetPoints (aPoints);
~~~~~

The draw command *vpointcloud* builds a cloud of points from shape triangulation.
This command can also draw a sphere surface or a volume with a large amount of points (more than one million).


@subsubsection occt_visu_3_5_3 Relations 

The **Relation** is made up of constraints on one or more interactive shapes and the corresponding reference geometry. For example, you might want to constrain two edges in a parallel relation. This constraint is considered as an object in its own right, and is shown as a sensitive primitive. This takes the graphic form of a perpendicular arrow marked with the || symbol and lying between the two edges.

The following relations are provided by *AIS*:
  * *AIS_ConcentricRelation* 
  * *AIS_FixRelation*
  * *AIS_IdenticRelation* 
  * *AIS_ParallelRelation*
  * *AIS_PerpendicularRelation*
  * *AIS_Relation*
  * *AIS_SymmetricRelation*
  * *AIS_TangentRelation*

The list of relations is not exhaustive.    

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_5_4 Dimensions
  * *AIS_AngleDimension* 
  * *AIS_Chamf3dDimension* 
  * *AIS_DiameterDimension* 
  * *AIS_DimensionOwner*
  * *AIS_LengthDimension*
  * *AIS_OffsetDimension*
  * *AIS_RadiusDimension*

  @subsubsection occt_visu_3_5_5 MeshVS_Mesh

*MeshVS_Mesh* is an Interactive Object that represents meshes. This object differs from the *AIS_Shape* as its geometrical  data is supported by the data source *MeshVS_DataSource* that describes  nodes and elements of the object. As a result, you can provide your own data  source.  

However, the *DataSource* does not provide any  information on attributes, for example nodal colors, but you can apply them in  a special way - by choosing the appropriate presentation builder.  

The presentations of *MeshVS_Mesh* are built with the  presentation builders *MeshVS_PrsBuilder*. You can choose between the  builders to represent the object in a different way. Moreover, you can redefine  the base builder class and provide your own presentation builder. 

You can add/remove builders using the following methods: 
~~~~~
  MeshVS_Mesh::AddBuilder (const Handle (MeshVS_PrsBuilder) &Builder, Standard_Boolean TreatAsHilighter) 
  MeshVS_Mesh::RemoveBuilder (const Standard_Integer  Index) 
  MeshVS_Mesh::RemoveBuilderById (const Standard_Integer Id) 
~~~~~

There is a set of reserved display and highlighting mode flags for *MeshVS_Mesh*. Mode value is a number of bits that allows selecting additional display parameters and combining the following mode flags, which allow displaying mesh in wireframe, shading and shrink modes: 
~~~~~
  MeshVS_DMF_WireFrame
  MeshVS_DMF_Shading
  MeshVS_DMF_Shrink
~~~~~  

It is also possible to display  deformed mesh in wireframe, shading or shrink modes usung :  
~~~~~
        MeshVS_DMF_DeformedPrsWireFrame
        MeshVS_DMF_DeformedPrsShading  
        MeshVS_DMF_DeformedPrsShrink
~~~~~  

The following methods represent  different kinds of data :
~~~~~
  MeshVS_DMF_VectorDataPrs  
  MeshVS_DMF_NodalColorDataPrs
  MeshVS_DMF_ElementalColorDataPrs
  MeshVS_DMF_TextDataPrs
  MeshVS_DMF_EntitiesWithData
~~~~~  

The following methods provide selection  and highlighting :
~~~~~
  MeshVS_DMF_SelectionPrs
  MeshVS_DMF_HilightPrs
~~~~~  

*MeshVS_DMF_User* is a user-defined  mode.  

These values will be used by the  presentation builder. 
There is also a set of selection modes flags that can be grouped in a combination of bits: 
  * *MeshVS_SMF_0D*
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Link*
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Face*
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Volume*
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Element* - groups *0D, Link, Face* and *Volume*  as a bit mask ;
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Node*
  * *MeshVS_SMF_All* - groups *Element* and *Node* as a bit mask; 
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Mesh*
  * *MeshVS_SMF_Group*

Such an object, for example, can be used for displaying the object and stored in the STL file format: 

~~~~~
// read the data and create a data source
Handle  (StlMesh_Mesh) aSTLMesh = RWStl::ReadFile (aFileName); 
Handle  (XSDRAWSTLVRML_DataSource) aDataSource = new XSDRAWSTLVRML_DataSource (aSTLMesh); 

// create mesh 
Handle  (MeshVS_Mesh) aMesh = new MeshVS(); 
aMesh->SetDataSource  (aDataSource); 

// use default presentation builder
Handle  (MeshVS_MeshPrsBuilder) aBuilder =  new  MeshVS_MeshPrsBuilder (aMesh); 
aMesh->AddBuilder  (aBuilder, Standard_True); 
~~~~~

*MeshVS_NodalColorPrsBuilder* allows representing a mesh  with a color scaled texture mapped on it. 
To do this you should define a color  map for the color scale, pass this map to the presentation builder, 
and define an appropriate value in the range of 0.0 - 1.0 for every node. 

The following example demonstrates how you can do this (check if the view has been set up to display textures): 

~~~~~
// assign nodal builder to the mesh
Handle  (MeshVS_NodalColorPrsBuilder) aBuilder = new MeshVS_NodalColorPrsBuilder 
        (aMesh,MeshVS_DMF_NodalColorDataPrs | MeshVS_DMF_OCCMask); 
aBuilder->UseTexture  (Standard_True); 

// prepare color map
Aspect_SequenceOfColor  aColorMap; 
aColorMap.Append  ((Quantity_NameOfColor) Quantity_NOC_RED); 
aColorMap.Append  ((Quantity_NameOfColor) Quantity_NOC_BLUE1); 

// assign color scale map  values (0..1) to nodes
TColStd_DataMapOfIntegerReal  aScaleMap; 
...
// iterate through the  nodes and add an node id and an appropriate value to the map
aScaleMap.Bind  (anId, aValue); 
  
// pass color map and color scale values to the builder
aBuilder->SetColorMap  (aColorMap); 
aBuilder->SetInvalidColor  (Quantity_NOC_BLACK); 
aBuilder->SetTextureCoords  (aScaleMap); 
aMesh->AddBuilder  (aBuilder, Standard_True); 
~~~~~

@subsection occt_visu_3_6 Dynamic Selection 

The idea of dynamic selection is to represent the entities, which you want to select by a bounding box in the actual 2D space of the selection view. The set of these zones is ordered by a powerful sorting  algorithm. 
To then find the applicative entities actually detected at this position, all you have to do is read which rectangles are touched at mouse position (X,Y) of the view, and judiciously reject some of the entities which  have provided these rectangles.  

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_6_1 How to go from the objects to 2D boxes 


An intermediary stage consists in representing what you can  make selectable by means of sensitive primitives and owners, entities of a high enough level to be known by the selector mechanisms.  

The sensitive primitive is capable of:  
  * giving a 2D bounding box to the selector. 
  * answering the rejection criteria positively or negatively by a  "Matches" function. 
  * being projected from 3D in the 2D space of the view if need be. 
  * returning the owner which it will represent in terms of  selection. 

A set of standard sensitive primitives exists in Select3D  packages for 3D primitives.  

The owner is the entity, which makes it possible to link the  sensitive primitives and the objects that you really wanted to detect. It  stocks the diverse information, which makes it possible to find objects. An  owner has a priority (*5* by default), which you can change to  make one entity more selectable than another.  

@image html visualization_image021.png 
@image latex visualization_image021.png 

@subsubsection occt_visu_3_6_2 Implementation in an interactive/selectable object 
   
Define the number of selection modes possible, i.e. what  you want to identify by activating each of the selection modes. 

For example: for an  interactive object representing a topological shape:  
* mode 0: selection of the interactive object itself;  
* mode 1: selection of the vertices; 
* mode 2: selection of the edges;  
* mode 3: selection of the wires;  
* mode 4: selection of the detectable faces. 

For each selection mode of an interactive object, "model" is the set of entities, which you want to locate by these primitives and these  owners.  

There is an "owner" root class, *SelectMgr_EntityOwner*,  containing a reference to a selectable object, which has created it. If you  want to stock its information, you have to create classes derived from this  root class. Example: for shapes, there is the *StdSelect_BRepOwner* class,  which can save a *TopoDS* shape as a field as well as the Interactive Object.  

The set of sensitive primitives which has been calculated  for a given mode is stocked in *SelectMgr_Selection*.  

For an Interactive object, the modeling is done in the *ComputeSelection* virtual function.  

Let us consider an example of an interactive object representing a box. 

We are interested in two location modes: 
  * mode 0: location of the whole box.  
  * mode 1: location of the edges on the box. 

For the first  mode, all sensitive primitives will have the same owner, which will represent  the interactive object. In the second case, we have to create an owner for each  edge, and this owner will have to contain the index for the edge, which it  represents. You will create a class of owner, which derives from *SelectMgr_EntityOwner*. 

The *ComputeSelection*  function for the interactive box can have the following form:  

~~~~~
void InteractiveBox::ComputeSelection  
        (const  Handle(SelectMgr_Selection)& Sel, 
         const Standard_Integer Mode)  
{ 
        switch(Mode) 
                {  case 0:   //locating the whole box by  making its faces sensitive...  
                { 
        Handle(SelectMgr_EntityOwner)  Ownr = new SelectMgr_EntityOwner(this,5);   
        for(Standard_Integer  I=1;I<=Nbfaces;I++)  
        {  
        //Array is a  TColgp_Array1OfPnt: which represents the array of vertices. Sensitivity is  
        Select3D_TypeOfSensitivity value 
        Sel->Add(new  Select3D_SensitiveFace(Ownr,Array,Sensitivity));  
                        } 
                        break;  
           } 
          case 1:  
        // locates the edges  {  
        for(Standard_Integer i=1;i<=12;i++)  
                        { 
                                // 1 owner  per edge... 
                                Handle(mypk_EdgeOwner)  Ownr = new  mypk_EdgeOwner(this,i,6); 
                                        //6->priority 
                                        Sel->Add(new  Select3D_SensitiveSegment (Ownr,firstpt(i),lastpt(i)));  
                                        } 
                                break;  
                        } 
                } 
        } 
~~~~~

Selectable objects are loaded in the selection manager,  which has one or more selectors; in general, we suggest assigning one selector  per viewer. All you have to do afterwards is to activate or deactivate the  different selection modes for selectable objects. The *SelectionManager*  looks after the call to the *ComputeSelection* functions for different  objects. 

NOTE: This procedure is completely hidden if you use the <a href="#occt_visu_3_3"> AIS Interactive Context </a>

<h4>Example </h4>
~~~~~
//We have several " interactive boxes " box1, box2, box3;  
        Handle(SelectMgr_SelectionManager) SM = new  SelectMgr_SelectionManager();  
        Handle(StdSelect_ViewerSelector3d) VS = new  StdSelect_ViewerSelector3d();  
                SM->Add(VS); 
                SM->Load(box1);SM->Load(box2);SM->Load(box3); 
                // box load.  
                SM->Activate(box1,0,VS); 
                // activates  mode 0 of box 1 in the selector VS 
                SM->Activate(box1,1,VS);   
                M->Activate(box3,1,VS);   
VS->Pick(xpix,ypix,vue3d)  
// detection of primitives by mouse position.  
Handle(EntityOwner)  POwnr = VS->OnePicked();  
// picking of the "best" owner detected  
for(VS->Init();VS->More();VS->Next())   
        { 
        VS->Picked();   
        // picking of all owners  detected  
          } 
        SM->Deactivate(box1);   
        // deactivate all active modes  of box1  
~~~~~

@section occt_visu_4 3D Presentations

@subsection occt_visu_4_1 Glossary of 3D terms 

* **Anti-aliasing**     This mode attempts to improve the screen resolution by drawing lines and curves in a mixture of colors so that to the human eye the line or curve is smooth. The quality of the result is linked to the quality of the algorithm used by the workstation hardware.
* **Depth-cueing**      Reduces the color intensity for the portion of an object further away from the eye to give the impression of depth. This is used for wireframe objects. Shaded objects do not require this.
* **Group**     - a set of primitives and attributes on those primitives. Primitives and attributes may be added to a group but cannot be removed from a group, except by erasing them globally. A group can have a pick identity.
* **Light** There are five kinds of light source - ambient, headlight, directional, positional and spot. The light is only activated in a shading context in a view.
* **Primitive**  - a drawable element. It has a definition in 3D space. Primitives can either be lines, faces, text, or markers. Once displayed markers and text remain the same size. Lines and faces can be modified e.g. zoomed. Primitives must be stored in a group.
* **Structure** - manages a set of groups. The groups are mutually exclusive. A structure can be edited, adding or removing groups. A structure can reference other structures to form a hierarchy. It has a default (identity) transformation and other transformations may be applied to it (rotation, translation, scale, etc). It has no default attributes for the primitive lines, faces, markers, and text. Attributes may be set in a structure but they are overridden by the attributes in each group. Each structure has a display priority associated with it, which rules the order in which it is redrawn in a 3D viewer. If the visualization mode is incompatible with the view it is not displayed in that view, e.g. a shading-only object is not visualized in a wireframe view. 
* **View**      - is defined by a view orientation, a view mapping, and a context view.
* **Viewer** - manages a set of views.
* **View orientation** - defines the manner in which the observer looks at the scene in terms of View Reference Coordinates.
* **View mapping** - defines the transformation from View Reference Coordinates to the Normalized Projection Coordinates. This follows the Phigs scheme.
* **Z-Buffering** -= a form of hidden surface removal in shading mode only. This is always active for a view in the shading mode. It cannot be suppressed.

@subsection occt_visu_4_2 Graphic primitives

The *Graphic3d* package is used to create 3D graphic objects in a 3D viewer. These objects called **structures** are made up of groups of primitives and attributes, such as polylines, planar polygons with or without holes, text and markers, and attributes, such as color, transparency, reflection, line type, line width, and text font. A group is the smallest editable element of a structure. A transformation can be applied to a structure. Structures can be connected to form a tree of structures, composed by transformations. Structures are globally manipulated by the viewer.

Graphic structures can be:  
  * Displayed, 
  * Highlighted, 
  * Erased, 
  * Transformed, 
  * Connected to form a tree hierarchy of structures, created by transformations.
  
There are classes for: 
  * Visual attributes for lines, faces, markers, text, materials, 
  * Vectors and vertices, 
  * Graphic objects, groups, and structures. 

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_2 Structure hierarchies

The root is the top of a structure hierarchy or structure network. The attributes of a parent structure are passed to its descendants. The attributes of the descendant structures do not affect the parent. Recursive structure networks are not supported.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_3 Graphic primitives
* **Markers** 
  * Have one or more vertices, 
  * Have a type, a scale factor, and a color, 
  * Have a size, shape, and orientation independent of  transformations. 
* **Polygons** 
  * Have one closed boundary, 
  * Have at least three vertices, 
  * Are planar and have a normal, 
  * Have interior attributes - style, color, front and back material,  texture and reflection ratio, 
  * Have a boundary with the following attributes - type, width scale  factor, color. The boundary is only drawn when the interior style is hollow. 

* **Polygons with holes** 
  * Have multiple closed boundaries, each one with at least three  vertices, 
  * Are planar and have a normal, 
  * Have interior attributes - style, color, front and back material,  
  * Have a boundary with the following attributes - type, width scale  factor, color. The boundary is only drawn when the interior style is hollow. 

* **Polylines** 
  * Have two or more vertices, 
  * Have the following attributes - type, width scale factor, color. 

* **Text** 
  * Has geometric and non-geometric attributes, 
  * Geometric attributes - character height, character up vector,  text path, horizontal and vertical alignment, orientation, three-dimensional  position, zoomable flag
  * Non-geometric attributes - text font, character spacing,  character expansion factor, color. 

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_4 Primitive  arrays

Primitive arrays are a more efficient approach to describe  and display the primitives from the aspects of memory usage and graphical  performance. The key feature of the primitive arrays is that the primitive data  is not duplicated. For example, two polygons could share the same vertices, so  it is more efficient to keep the vertices in a single array and specify the  polygon vertices with indices of this array. In addition to such kind of memory  savings, the OpenGl graphics driver provides the Vertex Buffer Objects (VBO).  VBO is a sort of video memory storage that can be allocated to hold the  primitive arrays, thus making the display operations more efficient and  releasing the RAM memory. 

The Vertex Buffer Objects are enabled by default, but VBOs  availability depends on the implementation of OpenGl. If the VBOs are  unavailable or there is not enough video memory to store the primitive arrays,  the RAM memory will be used to store the arrays.  

The Vertex Buffer Objects can be disabled at the application  level. You can use the method *Graphic3d_GraphicDriver::EnableVBO (const Standard_Boolean status)* to enable/disable VBOs: 
  
The following example shows how to disable the VBO support:  

~~~~~
// get the graphic  driver
Handle (Graphic3d_GraphicDriver) aDriver =  
  myAISContext->CurrentViewer()->Driver(); 

// disable VBO support
aDriver->EnableVBO (Standard_False); 
~~~~~

**Note** that the use of Vertex Buffer Objects  requires the application level primitive data provided by the  *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives* to be transferred to the video memory. *TKOpenGl* transfers the data and releases the *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives* internal  pointers to the primitive data. Thus it might be necessary to pay attention to  such kind of behaviour, as the pointers could be modified (nullified) by the *TKOpenGl*. 

The different types of primitives could be presented with  the following primitive arrays: 
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPolygons,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPolylines,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfQuadrangles,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfQuadrangleStrips,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfSegments,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangleFans,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangles,*
  * *Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangleStrips.*

The *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives* is a base class for these  primitive arrays. 

Method *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::AddVertex* allows adding There is a set of similar methods to add vertices to the  primitive array.

These methods take vertex coordinates as an argument and  allow you to define the color, the normal and the texture coordinates assigned  to the vertex. The return value is the actual number of vertices in the array. 

You can also modify the values assigned to the vertex or  query these values by the vertex index: 
  * *void Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::SetVertice*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::SetVertexColor*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::SetVertexNormal*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::SetVertexTexel*
  * *gp_Pnt  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::Vertices*
  * *gp_Dir   Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexNormal*
  * *gp_Pnt3d  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexTexel*
  * *Quantity_Color  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexColor*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::Vertices*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexNormal*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexTexel*
  * *void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexColor*

The following example shows how to define an array of  points: 

~~~~~
// create an array
Handle (Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints) anArray = new Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints (aVerticiesMaxCount); 

// add vertices to the array
anArray->AddVertex  (10.0, 10.0, 10.0); 
anArray->AddVertex  (0.0, 10.0, 10.0); 

// add the array to the structure
Handle (Graphic3d_Group) aGroup  =  Prs3d_Root::CurrentGroup (aPrs); 
aGroup->BeginPrimitives (); 
aGroup->AddPrimitiveArray (anArray); 
aGroup->EndPrimitives (); 
~~~~~

If the primitives share the same vertices (polygons,  triangles, etc.) then you can define them as indices of the vertices array. 

The method *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::AddEdge* allows defining the primitives by indices. This method adds an "edge" in the range <i> [1, VertexNumber() ] </i>  in the array. 

It is also possible to query the vertex defined by an edge using method *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::Edge*

The following example shows how to define an array of  triangles: 

~~~~~
// create an array
Standard_Boolean  IsNormals     = Standard_False;  
Standard_Boolean  IsColors      = Standard_False; 
Standard_Boolean  IsTextureCrds = Standard_False; 
Handle (Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangles) anArray =  
          new Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangles (aVerticesMaxCount, 
                                          aEdgesMaxCount, 
                                          IsNormals, 
                                          IsColors, 
                                          IsTextureCrds); 
// add vertices to the array
anArray->AddVertex  (-1.0, 0.0, 0.0);   // vertex 1
anArray->AddVertex  ( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);   // vertex 2
anArray->AddVertex  ( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);   // vertex 3 
anArray->AddVertex  ( 0.0,-1.0, 0.0);   // vertex 4 

// add edges to the array
anArray->AddEdge  (1);  // first triangle
anArray->AddEdge  (2); 
anArray->AddEdge  (3); 
anArray->AddEdge  (1);  // second triangle
anArray->AddEdge  (2); 
anArray->AddEdge  (4); 

// add the array to the structure
Handle  (Graphic3d_Group) aGroup =  Prs3d_Root::CurrentGroup (aPrs); 
aGroup->BeginPrimitives  (); 
aGroup->AddPrimitiveArray  (anArray); 
aGroup->EndPrimitives  (); 
~~~~~

If the primitive array presents primitives built from  sequential sets of vertices, for example polygons, then you can specify the  bounds, or the number of vertices for each primitive. You can use the method *Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::AddBound* to define the bounds and the color for each bound. This method returns the actual number of bounds. 

It is also possible to set the color and query the number of  edges in the bound and bound color. 
~~~~~
  Standard_Integer  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::Bound
  Quantity_Color  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::BoundColor
  void  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::BoundColor
~~~~~

The following example shows how to define an array of  polygons: 

~~~~~
// create an array
Standard_Boolean  IsNormals      = Standard_False;  
Standard_Boolean  IsVertexColors = Standard_False; 
Standard_Boolean  IsFaceColors   = Standard_False; 
Standard_Boolean  IsTextureCrds  = Standard_False; 
Handle (Graphic3d_ArrayOfPolygons) anArray =  
          new Graphic3d_ArrayOfPolygons (aVerticesMaxCount, 
                                         aBoundsMaxCount, 
                                         aEdgesMaxCount, 
                                         IsNormals, 
                                         IsVertexColors, 
                                         IsFaceColors, 
                                         IsTextureCrds); 

// add bounds to the array, first polygon
anArray->AddBound (3);  
anArray->AddVertex (-1.0,  0.0, 0.0);    
anArray->AddVertex  ( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);    
anArray->AddVertex  ( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0);    

// add bounds to the array, second polygon
anArray->AddBound (4); 
anArray->AddVertex (-1.0,  0.0, 0.0);    
anArray->AddVertex  ( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);    
anArray->AddVertex  ( 1.0,-1.0, 0.0);    
anArray->AddVertex  (-1.0,-1.0, 0.0);    

// add the array to the structure 
Handle  (Graphic3d_Group) aGroup = Prs3d_Root::CurrentGroup  (aPrs); 
aGroup->BeginPrimitives  (); 
aGroup->AddPrimitiveArray  (anArray); 
aGroup->EndPrimitives  (); 
~~~~~

There are also several helper methods. You can get the type  of the primitive array: 
~~~~~
  Graphic3d_TypeOfPrimitiveArray 
  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::Type
  Standard_CString  Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::StringType
~~~~~

and check if the primitive array provides normals, vertex colors and vertex texels (texture coordinates): 

~~~~~
  Standard_Boolean Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::HasVertexNormals
  Standard_Boolean Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::HasVertexColors
  Standard_Boolean Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::HasVertexTexels
~~~~~
or get the number of vertices, edges and bounds: 
~~~~~
  Standard_Integer Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::VertexNumber
  Standard_Integer Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::EdgeNumber
  Standard_Integer Graphic3d_ArrayOfPrimitives::BoundNumber
~~~~~
  
@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_5 Text primitive

The OpenGl graphics driver uses advanced text rendering  powered by FTGL library. This library provides vector text rendering, as a  result the text can be rotated and zoomed without quality loss.  
*Graphic3d* text primitives have the following features: 
  * fixed size (non-zoomable) or zoomable, 
  * can be rotated to any angle in the view plane,
  * support unicode charset.

The text attributes for the group could be defined with the *Graphic3d_AspectText3d* attributes group. 
To add any text to the graphic structure you can use the  following methods: 
~~~~~
 void Graphic3d_Group::Text
                        (const Standard_CString AText, 
                         const Graphic3d_Vertex& APoint, 
                         const Standard_Real AHeight, 
                         const Quantity_PlaneAngle AAngle, 
                         const Graphic3d_TextPath ATp, 
                         const Graphic3d_HorizontalTextAlignment  AHta, 
                         const Graphic3d_VerticalTextAlignment  AVta, 
                         const Standard_Boolean EvalMinMax), 
~~~~~                   
*AText*  parameter is the text string, *APoint* is the three-dimensional position of the  text, *AHeight* is the text height, *AAngle* is the orientation of the text (at the  moment, this parameter has no effect, but you can specify the text orientation through  the *Graphic3d_AspectText3d* attributes). 

*ATp* parameter defines the text path, *AHta* is the horizontal alignment of the text,  *AVta* is the vertical alignment of the text. 

You can  pass *Standard_False* as *EvalMinMax* if you do not want the graphic3d structure  boundaries to be affected by the text position.  

**Note** that the text orientation angle can be defined by *Graphic3d_AspectText3d* attributes. 
~~~~~
  void  Graphic3d_Group::Text
                        (const Standard_CString AText, 
                         const Graphic3d_Vertex& APoint, 
                         const Standard_Real AHeight, 
                         const Standard_Boolean EvalMinMax) 
  void  Graphic3d_Group::Text
                        (const TCcollection_ExtendedString  &AText,  
                         const Graphic3d_Vertex& APoint, 
                         const Standard_Real AHeight, 
                         const Quantity_PlaneAngle AAngle, 
                         const Graphic3d_TextPath ATp, 
                         const Graphic3d_HorizontalTextAlignment  AHta, 
                         const Graphic3d_VerticalTextAlignment  AVta, 
                         const Standard_Boolean EvalMinMax) 
  void  Graphic3d_Group::Text
                        (const TCcollection_ExtendedString  &AText,  
                         const Graphic3d_Vertex& APoint, 
                         const Standard_Real AHeight, 
                         const Standard_Boolean EvalMinMax) 
~~~~~

See the example:
~~~~~
// get the group
Handle (Graphic3d_Group) aGroup =  Prs3d_Root::CurrentGroup  (aPrs);  

// change the text  aspect
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectText3d) aTextAspect =  new Graphic3d_AspectText3d (); 
aTextAspect->SetTextZoomable  (Standard_True); 
aTextAspect->SetTextAngle  (45.0); 
aGroup->SetPrimitivesAspect (aTextAspect);   

// add a text primitive  to the structure
Graphic3d_Vertex aPoint (1, 1, 1); 
aGroup->Text (Standard_CString ("Text"), aPoint, 16.0); 
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_6 Materials

A *Graphic3d_MaterialAspect* is defined by:
  * Transparency;
  * Diffuse reflection - a component of the object color;
  * Ambient reflection;
  * Specular reflection - a component of the color of the light source;
  * Refraction index.

The following items are required to determine the three colors of reflection:
  * Color;
  * Coefficient of diffuse reflection;
  * Coefficient of ambient reflection;
  * Coefficient of specular reflection.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_7 Textures

A *texture* is defined by a name.
Three types of texture are available:
  * 1D;
  * 2D;
  * Environment mapping.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_2_8 Shaders

OCCT visualization core supports GLSL shaders. Currently OCCT supports only vertex and fragment GLSL shader. Shaders can be assigned to a generic presentation by its drawer attributes (Graphic3d aspects). To enable custom shader for a specific AISShape in your application, the following API functions are used:

~~~~~
// Create shader program
Handle(Graphic3d_ShaderProgram) aProgram = new Graphic3d_ShaderProgram();

// Attach vertex shader
aProgram->AttachShader (Graphic3d_ShaderObject::CreateFromFile(
                               Graphic3d_TOS_VERTEX, "<Path to VS>"));

// Attach fragment shader
aProgram->AttachShader (Graphic3d_ShaderObject::CreateFromFile(
                               Graphic3d_TOS_FRAGMENT, "<Path to FS>"));

// Set values for custom uniform variables (if they are)
aProgram->PushVariable ("MyColor", Graphic3d_Vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));

// Set aspect property for specific AISShape
theAISShape->Attributes()->ShadingAspect()->Aspect()->SetShaderProgram (aProgram);
~~~~~

@subsection occt_visu_4_3 Graphic attributes

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_3_1 Aspect package overview

The *Aspect* package provides classes for the graphic elements in the viewer:
  * Groups of graphic attributes;
  * Edges, lines, background;
  * Window;
  * Driver;
  * Enumerations for many of the above.

@subsection occt_visu_4_4 3D view facilities

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_1 Overview

The *V3d* package provides the resources to define a 3D  viewer and the views attached to this viewer (orthographic, perspective). This  package provides the commands to manipulate the graphic scene of any 3D object  visualized in a view on screen.  

A set of high-level commands allows the separate  manipulation of parameters and the result of a projection (Rotations, Zoom,  Panning, etc.) as well as the visualization attributes (Mode, Lighting,  Clipping, Depth-cueing, etc.) in any particular view.  

The *V3d* package is basically a set of tools directed by  commands from the viewer front-end. This tool set contains methods for creating  and editing classes of the viewer such as:  
  * Default parameters of the viewer, 
  * Views (orthographic, perspective), 
  * Lighting (positional, directional, ambient, spot, headlight), 
  * Clipping planes (note that only Z-clipping planes can work with  the Phigs interface), 
  * Instantiated sequences of views, planes, light sources, graphic  structures, and picks, 
  * Various package methods. 

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_2 A programming example

This sample TEST program for the *V3d* Package uses primary  packages *Xw* and *Graphic3d* and secondary packages *Visual3d, Aspect, Quantity,  Phigs* and *math*.  

~~~~~
//Create a default display  connection
Handle(Aspect_DisplayConnection)  aDisplayConnection = new  Aspect_DisplayConnection(); 

//Create a Graphic Driver from  the default Aspect_DisplayConnection
Handle(OpenGl_GraphicDriver)  GD = new OpenGl_GraphicDriver (aDisplayConnection);

//Create a Viewer to this Driver 
Handle(V3d_Viewer)  VM = new V3d_Viewer(GD, 400.,  
        // Space size  
        V3d_Xpos,
        // Default projection  
        Quantity_NOC_DARKVIOLET, 
        // Default  background  
        V3d_ZBUFFER, 
        // Type of  visualization  
        V3d_GOURAUD, 
        // Shading  model  
        V3d_WAIT); 
        // Update mode   
// Create a structure in this  Viewer 
Handle(Graphic3d_Structure) S =  new  Graphic3d_Structure(VM->Viewer()) ;  

// Type of structure 
S->SetVisual (Graphic3d_TOS_SHADING);  

// Create a group of primitives  in this structure
Handle(Graphic3d_Group) G = new Graphic3d_Group(S) ;  

// Fill this group with  one polygon of size 100  
Graphic3d_Array1OfVertex Points(0,3) ;  
Points(0).SetCoord(-100./2.,-100./2.,-100./2.) ;  
Points(1).SetCoord(-100./2., 100./2.,-100./2.) ;  
Points(2).SetCoord( 100./2., 100./2.,-100./2.) ;  
Points(3).SetCoord( 100./2.,-100./2.,-100./2.) ;  
Normal.SetCoord(0.,0.,1.) ;  
G->Polygon(Points,Normal) ;  

//  Create Ambient and Infinite Lights in this Viewer
Handle(V3d_AmbientLight) L1  = new V3d_AmbientLight  
        (VM,Quantity_NOC_GRAY50)  ;  
Handle(V3d_DirectionalLight)  L2 = new V3d_DirectionalLight  
        (VM,V3d_XnegYnegZneg,Quantity_NOC_WHITE)  ;  

// Create a 3D quality  Window with the same DisplayConnection
Handle(Xw_Window) W =  new Xw_Window(aDisplayConnection,"Test  V3d",0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5) ;  

// Map this Window to  this screen
W->Map() ;  

// Create a Perspective  View in this Viewer
Handle(V3d_View) aView = new V3d_View(VM);
aView->Camera()->SetProjectionType (Graphic3d_Camera::Projection_Perspective);
// Associate this View with the Window
aView ->SetWindow(W);
// Display ALL structures in this View
VM->Viewer()->Display();
// Finally update the Visualization in this View
aView->Update();
~~~~~

As an alternative to manual setting of perspective parameters the V3d_View::ZfitAll() and V3d_View::FitAll() functions can be used:

~~~~~
// Display shape in Viewer VM
Handle(AIS_InteractiveContext) aContext = new AIS_InteractiveContext (VM);
aContext->Display(shape);
// Create a Perspective View in Viewer VM
Handle(V3d_View) V = new V3d_View (VM);
aview->Camera()->SetProjectionType (Graphic3d_Camera::Projection_Perspective);
// Change Z-min and Z-max planes of projection volume to match the displayed objects
V->ZFitAll();
// Fit view to object size
V->FitAll();
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_3 Define viewing parameters

View projection and orientation in OCCT *v3d* view are driven by camera. The camera calculates and supplies projection and view orientation matrices for rendering by OpenGL. The allows to the user to control all projection parameters. The camera is defined by the following properties:

* **Eye** - Defines the observer (camera) position. Make sure the Eye point never gets between the Front and Back clipping planes.

* **Center** - defines the origin of View Reference Coordinates (where camera is aimed at).

* **Direction** - defines the direction of camera view (from the Eye to the Center).

* **Distance** - defines the distance between the Eye and the Center.

* **Front** Plane - Defines the position of the front clipping plane in View Reference Coordinates system.

* **Back** Plane - Defines the position of the back clipping plane in View Reference Coordinates system.

* **ZNear** - defines the distance between the Eye and the Front plane.

* **ZFar** - defines the distance between the Eye and the Back plane.

Most common view manipulations (panning, zooming, rotation) are implemented as convenience methods of *V3d_View* class, however *Graphic3d_Camera* class can also be used directly by application developers:

Example:
~~~~~
// rotate camera by X axis on 30.0 degrees
gp_Trsf aTrsf;
aTrsf.SetRotation (gp_Ax1 (gp_Pnt (0.0, 0.0, 0.0), gp_Dir (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), 30.0);
aView->Camera()->Transform (aTrsf);
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_4 Orthographic Projection

@image html view_frustum.png "Perspective and orthographic projection"

The following code configures the camera for orthographic rendering:

~~~~~
// Create an orthographic View in this Viewer
Handle(V3d_View) aView = new V3d_View (VM);
aView->Camera()->SetProjectionType (Graphic3d_Camera::Projection_Orthographic);
// update the Visualization in this View
aView->Update();
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_5 Perspective Projection

**Field of view (FOVy)** - defines the field of camera view by y axis in degrees (45° is default).

@image html camera_perspective.png "Perspective frustum"

The following code configures the camera for perspective rendering:

~~~~~
// Create a perspective View in this Viewer
Handle(V3d_View) aView = new V3d_View(VM);
aView->Camera()->SetProjectionType (Graphic3d_Camera::Projection_Perspective);
aView->Update();
~~~~~


@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_6 Stereographic Projection

**IOD** - defines the intraocular distance (in world space units).

There are two types of IOD:
* _IODType_Absolute_ : Intraocular distance is defined as an absolute value.
* _IODType_Relative_ : Intraocular distance is defined relative to the camera focal length (as its coefficient).

**Field of view (FOV)** - defines the field of camera view by y axis in degrees (45° is default).

**ZFocus** - defines the distance to the point of stereographic focus.

@image html stereo.png "Stereographic projection"

To enable stereo projection, your workstation should meet the following requirements:

* The graphic card should support quad buffering.
* You need active 3D glasses (LCD shutter glasses).
* The graphic driver needs to be configured to impose quad buffering for newly created OpenGl contexts; the viewer and the view should be created after that.

In stereographic projection mode the camera prepares two projection matrices to display different stereo-pictures for the left and for the right eye. In a non-stereo camera this effect is not visible because only the same projection is used for both eyes.

To enable quad buffering support you should provide the following settings to the graphic driver *opengl_caps*:

~~~~~
Handle(OpenGl_GraphicDriver) aDriver = new OpenGl_GraphicDriver();
OpenGl_Caps& aCaps = aDriver->ChangeOptions();
aCaps.contextStereo = Standard_True;
~~~~~

The following code configures the camera for stereographic rendering:

~~~~~
// Create a Stereographic View in this Viewer
Handle(V3d_View) aView = new V3d_View(VM);
aView->Camera()->SetProjectionType (Graphic3d_Camera::Projection_Stereo);
// Change stereo parameters
aView->Camera()->SetIOD (IODType_Absolute, 5.0);
// Finally update the Visualization in this View
aView->Update();
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_7 View frustum culling

The algorithm of frustum culling on CPU-side is activated by default for 3D viewer. This algorithm allows skipping the presentation outside camera at the rendering stage, providing better performance. The following features support this method:
* *Graphic3d_Structure::CalculateBoundBox()* is used to calculate axis-aligned bounding box of a presentation considering its transformation.
* *V3d_View::SetFrustumCulling* enables or disables frustum culling for the specified view.
* Classes *OpenGl_BVHClipPrimitiveSet* and *OpenGl_BVHTreeSelector* handle the detection of outer objects and usage of acceleration structure for frustum culling.
* *BVH_BinnedBuilder* class splits several objects with null bounding box.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_8 Underlay and overlay layers management

In addition to interactive 3d graphics displayed in the view  you can display underlying and overlying graphics: text, color scales and drawings.

All *V3d* view graphical objects in the overlay are  managed by the default layer manager (*V3d_LayerMgr*). The *V3d* view has a  basic layer manager capable of displaying the color scale, but you can redefine  this class to provide your own overlay and underlay graphics.  

The method *V3d_View::SetLayerMgr(const Handle (V3d_LayerMgr)& aMgr)* allows assigning a custom layer manager to the *V3d* view.

There are three virtual methods to prepare graphics in the  manager for further drawing: setting up layer dimensions and drawing static graphics. These methods can be redefined:

~~~~~
   void  V3d_LayerMgr::Begin ()
   void  V3d_LayerMgr::Redraw ()
   void V3d_LayerMgr::End  ()
~~~~~

The layer manager controls layers (*Visual3d_Layer*)  and layer items (*Visual3d_LayerItem*). Both the overlay and  underlay layers can be created by the layer manager.  

The layer entity is presented by the *Visual3d_Layer* class. This entity provides drawing services in the layer, for example:
~~~~~ 
   void  Visual3d_Layer::DrawText
   void Visual3d_Layer::DrawRectangle
   void  Visual3d_Layer::SetColor
   void  Visual3d_Layer::SetViewport
~~~~~

The following example demonstrates how to draw overlay graphics by the *V3d_LayerMgr*:

~~~~~
// redefined method of  V3d_LayerMgr
void  MyLayerMgr::Redraw () 
{ 
   Quantity_Color aRed (Quantity_NOC_RED); 
   myOverlayLayer->SetColor (aRed); 
   myOverlayLayer->DrawRectangle (0, 0, 100, 100); 
} 
~~~~~

The layer contains layer items that will be displayed on  view redraw. Such items are *Visual3d_LayerItem* entities. To manipulate *Visual3d_LayerItem* entities assigned to the layer's internal list you can use the following methods: 

~~~~~
   void  Visual3d_Layer::AddLayerItem (const Handle (Visual3d_LayerItem)&  Item)  
   void  Visual3d_Layer::RemoveLayerItem (const Handle (Visual3d_LayerItem)&  Item)   
   void  Visual3d_Layer::RemoveAllLayerItems ()
   const  Visual3d_NListOfLayerItem& Visual3d_Layer::GetLayerItemList ()    
~~~~~
The layer's items are rendered when the method *void  Visual3d_Layer::RenderLayerItems()* is  called by the graphical driver.

The *Visual3d_LayerItem* has virtual methods that are  used to render the item: 
~~~~~
   void  Visual3d_LayerItem::RedrawLayerPrs () 
   void  Visual3d_LayerItem::ComputeLayerPrs () 
~~~~~

The item presentation can be computed before drawing by the *ComputeLayerPrs* method to save time on redraw. It also has an additional  flag that is used to tell that the presentation should be recomputed: 
~~~~~
   void  Visual3d_LayerItem::SetNeedToRecompute (const Standard_Boolean NeedToRecompute)  
   Standard_Boolean  Visual3d_LayerItem::IsNeedToRecompute 
~~~~~

An example of *Visual3d_LayerItem* is *V3d_ColorScaleLayerItem*  that represents the color scale entity as the layer's item.  
The *V3d_ColorScaleLayerItem* sends render requests to  the color scale entity represented by it. As this entity (*V3d_ColorScale*)  is assigned to the *V3d_LayerMgr* it uses its overlay layer's services for  drawing: 

<h4>Example </h4>

~~~~~
// tell V3d_ColorScale to draw itself
void  V3d_ColorScaleLayerItem::RedrawLayerPrs () 
{ 
   Visual3d_LayerItem::RedrawLayerPrs () 
  if  (!MyColorScale.IsNull ()) 
    MyColorScale->DrawScale  (); 
} 

// V3d_ColorScale has a reference to a LayerMgr
void  V3d_ColorScale::DrawScale () 
{ 
    // calls V3d_ColorScale::PaintRect,  V3d_ColorScale::PaintText, etc. 
} 

// PaintRect method uses overlay layer of LayerMgr to  draw a rectangle 
void V3d_ColorScale::PaintRect   
       (const  Standard_Integer X, const Standard_Integer Y, 
        const  Standard_Integer W, const Standard_Integer H, 
        const  Quantity_Color aColor, 
        const  Standard_Boolean aFilled) 
{ 
  const Handle  (Visual3d_Layer)& theLayer = myLayerMgr->Overlay (); 
   ...
   theLayer->SetColor (aColor); 
   theLayer->DrawRectangle (X, Y, W, H); 
   ... 
} 
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_9 View background styles
There are three types of  background styles available for *V3d_view*: solid color, gradient color and  image.  

To set solid color for  the background you can use the following methods: 
~~~~~
   void  V3d_View::SetBackgroundColor
                (const Quantity_TypeOfColor Type,  
                 const Quantity_Parameter V1, 
                 const Quantity_Parameter V2, 
                 const Quantity_Parameter V3) 
~~~~~

This method allows you to specify the background color in RGB (red,  green, blue) or HLS (hue, lightness, saturation) color spaces, so the  appropriate values of the Type parameter are *Quantity_TOC_RGB* and  *Quantity_TOC_HLS*. 

**Note** that the color  value parameters *V1,V2,V3* should be in the range between *0.0-1.0.* 

~~~~~
  void  V3d_View::SetBackgroundColor(const Quantity_Color &Color)  
  void  V3d_View::SetBackgroundColor(const Quantity_NameOfColor Name)  
~~~~~

The gradient background  style could be set up with the following methods: 
~~~~~
  void  V3d_View::SetBgGradientColors
                (const Quantity_Color& Color1,  
                 const Quantity_Color& Color2, 
                 const Aspect_GradientFillMethod  FillStyle, 
                 const Standard_Boolean update) 
                
   void  V3d_View::SetBgGradientColors
                (const Quantity_NameOfColor Color1,  
                 const Quantity_NameOfColor Color2, 
                 const Aspect_GradientFillMethod  FillStyle, 
                 const Standard_Boolean update) 
~~~~~

The *Color1* and *Color2* parameters define the boundary colors of  interpolation, the *FillStyle* parameter defines the direction of interpolation.  You can pass *Standard_True* as the last parameter to update the view.  

The fill style can be also set with the method *void  V3d_View::SetBgGradientStyle(const Aspect_GradientFillMethod AMethod, const Standard_Boolean update)*. 

To get the current  background color you can use the following methods: 
~~~~~
   void  V3d_View::BackgroundColor
                (const Quantity_TypeOfColor Type,  
                 Quantity_Parameter &V1, 
                 Quantity_Parameter &V2, 
                 Quantity_Parameter &V3) 
   Quantity_Color  V3d_View::BackgroundColor()
   void V3d_View::GradientBackgroundColors(Quantity_Color& Color1, Quantity_Color& Color2) 
   Aspect_GradientBackground  GradientBackground()
~~~~~
   
To set the image as a  background and change the background image style you can use the following  methods: 
~~~~~  
  void V3d_View::SetBackgroundImage
                (const Standard_CString FileName,  
                 const Aspect_FillMethod FillStyle, 
                 const Standard_Boolean update) 
  void  V3d_View::SetBgImageStyle
                (const Aspect_FillMethod FillStyle,  
                 const Standard_Boolean update) 
~~~~~

The *FileName* parameter defines the image file name and the path to it,  the *FillStyle* parameter defines the method of filling the background with the  image. The methods are:  
  * *Aspect_FM_NONE* -  draws the image in the default position;
  * *Aspect_FM_CENTERED* - draws the image at the center of the view;
  * *Aspect_FM_TILED* tiles the view with the image;
  * *Aspect_FM_STRETCH* stretches the image over the view.


@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_10 Dumping a 3D scene into an image file

The 3D scene displayed in the view can be dumped in high resolution into an image file. The high resolution (8192x8192 on some implementations) is achieved using the Frame Buffer Objects (FBO) provided by the graphic driver. Frame Buffer Objects enable off-screen rendering into a virtual view to produce images in the background mode (without displaying any graphics on the screen).

The *V3d_View* has the following methods for  dumping the 3D scene: 
~~~~
Standard_Boolean  V3d_View::Dump 
        (const Standard_CString theFile, 
         const Image_TypeOfImage theBufferType)
~~~~
Dumps the scene into an image file with the view  dimensions.

~~~~
Standard_Boolean  V3d_View::Dump 
        (const Standard_CString theFile, 
         const Aspect_FormatOfSheetPaper  theFormat, 
         const Image_TypeOfImage theBufferType)
~~~~
Makes the dimensions of the output image compatible to a certain format of printing paper passed by *theFormat* argument.  
  
These methods dump the 3D scene into an image file passed by its name  and path as theFile.  

The raster image data handling algorithm is based on the *Image_PixMap* class. The supported extensions are ".png", ".bmp", ".png", ".png".

The value passed as *theBufferType* argument defines the type of the  buffer for an output image <i>(RGB, RGBA, floating-point, RGBF, RGBAF)</i>. Both  methods return *Standard_True* if the scene has been successfully dumped.  

There is also class *Image_AlienPixMap* providing import / export from / to external image files in formats supported by **FreeImage** library.

**Note** that dumping the image for a paper format with  large dimensions is a memory consuming operation, it might be necessary to take  care of preparing enough free memory to perform this operation. 

~~~~
Handle_Image_PixMap  V3d_View::ToPixMap 
        (const Standard_Integer theWidth, 
        const Standard_Integer theHeight, 
        const Image_TypeOfImage theBufferType, 
        const Standard_Boolean theForceCentered) 
~~~~
Dumps the displayed 3d scene into a pixmap  with a width and height passed as *theWidth* and theHeight arguments.  

The value passed as *theBufferType* argument defines the type of the  buffer for a pixmap <i>(RGB, RGBA, floating-point, RGBF, RGBAF)</i>.  The last parameter allows centering the 3D scene on dumping. 

All these methods assume that you have  created a view and displayed a 3d scene in it. However, the window used for  such a view could be virtual, so you can dump the 3d scene in the background  mode without displaying it on the screen. To use such an opportunity you can  perform the following steps: 
* Create display connection; 
* Initialize graphic driver; 
* Create a window; 
* Set up the window as virtual, *Aspect_Window::SetVirtual()* ; 
* Create a view and an interactive context; 
* Assign the virtual window to the view; 
* Display a 3D scene; 
*  Use one of the functions described above to dump the 3D scene. 

The following example demonstrates this  procedure for *WNT_Window* : 

~~~~~
// create a dummy display  connection
Handle(Aspect_DisplayConnection)  aDisplayConnection;

// create a graphic driver
Handle  (Graphic3d_GraphicDriver) aDriver = Graphic3d::InitGraphicDriver (aDisplayConnection); 

// create a window
Standard_Integer  aDefWidth  = 800; 
Standard_Integer  aDefHeight = 600; 
Handle  (WNT_WClass) aWClass =  new WNT_WClass ("Virtual Class",DefWindowProc, 
                              CS_VREDRAW | CS_HREDRAW, 0, 0,  
                              ::LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW)); 
Handle  (WNT_Window) aWindow =  new WNT_Window ("VirtualWnd",  aWClass,  
                              WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 0, 0,  
                              aDefWidth, aDefHeight); 

// set up the window as  virtual
aWindow->SetVirtual  (Standard_True); 

// create a view and an  interactive context
Handle  (V3d_Viewer) aViewer =  new V3d_Viewer (aDriver, 
                              Standard_ExtString ("Virtual")); 
Handle  (AIS_InteractiveContext) aContext = new AIS_InteractiveContext (aViewer); 
Handle  (V3d_View) aView = aViewer->CreateView (); 

// assign the virtual window  to the view
aView->SetWindow  (aWindow); 

// display a 3D scene
Handle (AIS_Shape) aBox = new AIS_Shape (BRepPrimAPI_MakeBox (5, 5, 5)); 
aContext->Display  (aBox); 
aView->FitAll(); 

// dump the 3D scene into an  image file
aView->Dump  ("3dscene.png"); 
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_11 Printing a 3D scene

The contents of a view can be printed out. Moreover, the OpenGl graphic driver used by the v3d view supports printing in high  resolution. The print method uses the OpenGl frame buffer (Frame Buffer Object)  for rendering the view contents and advanced print algorithms that allow  printing in, theoretically, any resolution.  

The method *void V3d_View::Print(const Aspect_Handle hPrnDC, const Standard_Boolean showDialog, const Standard_Boolean showBackground, const Standard_CString  filename, const Aspect_PrintAlgo printAlgorithm)* prints the view  contents: 

*hPrnDC* is the printer device handle. You can pass your own printer handle  or *NULL* to select the printer by the default dialog. In that case you can use  the default dialog or pass *Standard_False* as the *showDialog* argument to  select the default printer automatically.  

You can define  the filename for the printer driver if you want to print out the result into a  file.  
If you do not want to print the  background, you can pass *Standard_False* as the *showBackground* argument. 
The *printAlgorithm* argument allows choosing between two print algorithms that  define how the 3d scene is mapped to the print area when the maximum dimensions of the frame buffer are smaller than the dimensions of the print area by choosing *Aspect_PA_STRETCH* or *Aspect_PA_TILE*

The first value  defines the stretch algorithm: the scene is drawn with the maximum possible  frame buffer dimensions and then is stretched to the whole printing area. The  second value defines *TileSplit* algorithm: covering the whole printing area by  rendering multiple parts of the viewer. 

**Note** that at the moment the printing is implemented only for Windows.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_12 Vector image export

The 3D content of a view can be exported to  the vector image file format. The vector image export is powered by the *GL2PS*  library. You can export 3D scenes into a file format supported by the  GL2PS library: PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), Portable  Document Format (PDF), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), LaTeX file format and  Portable LaTeX Graphics (PGF).  

The method   *void  Visual3d_View::Export (const Standard_CString FileName, const Graphic3d_ExportFormat Format, const Graphic3d_SortType aSortType, const Standard_Real Precision, const Standard_Address ProgressBarFunc, const Standard_Address ProgressObject)* of *Visual3d_View* class  allows exporting a 3D scene: 

The *FileName*  defines the output image file name and the *Format* argument defines the output  file format:  
  * *Graphic3d_EF_PostScript  (PS)*,
  * *Graphic3d_EF_EhnPostScript  (EPS)*,
  * *Graphic3d_EF_TEX  (TEX)*,
  * *Graphic3d_EF_PDF  (PDF)*,
  * *Graphic3d_EF_SVG  (SVG)*,
  * *Graphic3d_EF_PGF  (PGF)*.

The *aSortType* parameter defines *GL2PS* sorting algorithm for the  primitives. The *Precision, ProgressBarFunc* and *ProgressObject* parameters are  implemented for future uses and at the moment have no effect. 

The *Export* method supports only basic 3d  graphics and has several limitations: 
  * Rendering large scenes could be slow and  can lead to large output files;
  * Transparency is only supported for PDF and  SVG output;
  * Textures and some effects are not supported by the *GL2PS* library.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_13 Ray tracing support

OCCT visualization provides rendering by real-time ray tracing technique. It is allowed to switch easily between usual rasterization and ray tracing rendering modes. The core of OCCT ray tracing is written using GLSL shaders. The ray tracing has a wide list of features:
* Hard shadows
* Refractions
* Reflection
* Transparency
* Texturing
* Support of non-polygon objects, such as lines, text, highlighting, selection.
* Performance optimization using 2-level bounding volume hierarchy (BVH).

The ray tracing algorithm is recursive (Whitted's algorithm). It uses BVH effective optimization structure. The structure prepares optimized data for a scene geometry for further displaying it in real-time. The time-consuming re-computation of the BVH is not necessary for view operations, selections, animation and even editing of the scene by transforming location of the objects. It is only necessary when the list of displayed objects or their geometry changes.
To make the BVH reusable it has been added into an individual reusable OCCT package *TKMath/BVH*.

There are several ray-tracing options that user can switch on/off:
* Maximum ray tracing depth
* Shadows rendering
* Specular reflections
* Adaptive anti aliasing
* Transparency shadow effects

Example:
~~~~~
Graphic3d_RenderingParams& aParams = aView->ChangeRenderingParams();
// specifies rendering mode
aParams.Method = Graphic3d_RM_RAYTRACING;
// maximum ray-tracing depth
aParams.RaytracingDepth = 3;
// enable shadows rendering
aParams.IsShadowEnabled = Standard_True;
// enable specular reflections.
aParams.IsReflectionEnabled = Standard_True;
// enable adaptive anti-aliasing
aParams.IsAntialiasingEnabled = Standard_True;
// enable light propagation through transparent media.
aParams.IsTransparentShadowEnabled = Standard_True;
// update the view
aView->Update();
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_14 Display priorities

Structure display priorities control the order, in which structures are drawn. When you display a structure you specify its priority.  The lower is the value, the lower is the display priority. When the display is regenerated, the structures with the lowest priority are drawn first. The structures with the same display priority are drawn in the same order as they have been displayed. OCCT supports eleven structure display priorities.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_15 Z-layer support

OCCT features depth-arranging functionality called z-layer. A graphical presentation can be put into a z-layer. In general, this function can be used for implementing "bring to front" functionality in a graphical application.

Example:

~~~~~
// set z-layer to an interactive object
Handle(AIS_InteractiveContext) aContext = ...
Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject) anInterObj = ...
Standard_Integer anId = 3;
aViewer->AddZLayer (anId);
aContext->SetZLayer (anInterObj, anId);
~~~~~

For each z-layer, it is allowed to:
* Enable / disable depth test for layer.
* Enable / disable depth write for layer.
* Enable / disable depth buffer clearing.
* Enable / disable polygon offset.

The corresponding method *SetZLayerOption (...)* is available in *Graphic3d_GraphicDriver* interface. You can get the options using getter from *Visual3d_ViewManager* and *V3d_Viewer*. It returns *Graphic3d_ZLayerSettings* cached in *Visual3d_ViewManager* for a given *LayerId*.

Example:
~~~~~
// change z-layer settings
Graphic3d_ZLayerSettings aSettings = aViewer->ZLayerSettings (anId);
aSettings.EnableSetting (Graphic3d_ZLayerDepthTest);
aSettings.EnableSetting (Graphic3d_ZLayerDepthWrite);
aSettings.EnableSetting (Graphic3d_ZLayerDepthClear);
aSettings.EnableSetting (Graphic3d_ZLayerDepthOffset);
aViewer->SetZLayerSettings (anId, aSettings);
~~~~~


@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_16 Clipping planes

The ability to define custom clipping planes could be very useful for some tasks. OCCT provides such an opportunity.

The *Graphic3d_ClipPlane* class provides the services for clipping planes: it holds the plane equation coefficients and provides its graphical representation. To set and get plane equation coefficients you can use the following methods:

~~~~~
Graphic3d_ClipPlane::Graphic3d_ClipPlane(const gp_Pln& thePlane)
void Graphic3d_ClipPlane::SetEquation (const gp_Pln& thePlane)
Graphic3d_ClipPlane::Graphic3d_ClipPlane(const Equation& theEquation)
void Graphic3d_ClipPlane::SetEquation (const Equation& theEquation)
gp_Pln Graphic3d_ClipPlane::ToPlane() const
~~~~~

The clipping planes can be activated with the following method:
~~~~~
void Graphic3d_ClipPlane::SetOn (const Standard_Boolean theIsOn)
~~~~~

The number of clipping planes is limited. You can check the limit value via method *Graphic3d_GraphicDriver::InquirePlaneLimit()*;

~~~~~
// get the limit of clipping planes for the current view
Standard_Integer aMaxClipPlanes = aView->Viewer()->Driver()->InquirePlaneLimit();
~~~~~

Let us see for example how to create a new clipping plane with custom parameters and add it to a view or to an object:
~~~~~
// create a new clipping plane
const Handle(Graphic3d_ClipPlane)& aClipPlane = new Graphic3d_ClipPlane();
// change equation of the clipping plane
Standard_Real aCoeffA = ...
Standard_Real aCoeffB = ...
Standard_Real aCoeffC = ...
Standard_Real aCoeffD = ...
aClipPlane->SetEquation (gp_Pln (aCoeffA, aCoeffB, aCoeffC, aCoeffD));
// set capping
aClipPlane->SetCapping (aCappingArg == "on");
// set the material with red color of clipping plane
Graphic3d_MaterialAspect aMat = aClipPlane->CappingMaterial();
Quantity_Color aColor (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, Quantity_TOC_RGB);
aMat.SetAmbientColor (aColor);
aMat.SetDiffuseColor (aColor);
aClipPlane->SetCappingMaterial (aMat);
// set the texture of clipping plane
Handle(Graphic3d_Texture2Dmanual) aTexture = ...
aTexture->EnableModulate();
aTexture->EnableRepeat();
aClipPlane->SetCappingTexture (aTexture);
// add the clipping plane to an interactive object
Handle(AIS_InteractiveObject) aIObj = ...
aIObj->AddClipPlane (aClipPlane);
// or to the whole view
aView->AddClipPlane (aClipPlane);
// activate the clipping plane
aClipPlane->SetOn(Standard_True);
// update the view
aView->Update();
~~~~~


@subsubsection occt_visu_4_4_17 Automatic back face culling

Back face culling reduces the rendered number of triangles (which improves the performance) and eliminates artifacts at shape boundaries. However, this option can be used only for solid objects, where the interior is actually invisible from any point of view. Automatic back-face culling mechanism is turned on by default, which is controlled by *V3d_View::SetBackFacingModel()*.

The following features are applied in *StdPrs_ToolShadedShape::IsClosed()*, which is used for definition of back face culling in *ShadingAspect*:
* disable culling for free closed Shells (not inside the Solid) since reversed orientation of a free Shell is a valid case;
* enable culling for Solids packed into a compound;
* ignore Solids with incomplete triangulation.

Back face culling is turned off at TKOpenGl level in the following cases:
* clipping/capping planes are in effect;
* for translucent objects;
* with hatching presentation style.

@subsection occt_visu_4_5 Examples: creating a 3D scene

To create 3D graphic objects and display them in the screen,  follow the procedure below:
1. Create attributes.
2. Create a 3D viewer.
3. Create a view.
4. Create an interactive context.
5. Create interactive objects.
6. Create primitives in the interactive  object.
7. Display the interactive object.

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_5_1 Create attributes

Create colors.

~~~~~
Quantity_Color aBlack (Quantity_NOC_BLACK);
Quantity_Color aBlue (Quantity_NOC_MATRABLUE);
Quantity_Color aBrown (Quantity_NOC_BROWN4);
Quantity_Color aFirebrick (Quantity_NOC_FIREBRICK);
Quantity_Color aForest (Quantity_NOC_FORESTGREEN);
Quantity_Color aGray (Quantity_NOC_GRAY70);
Quantity_Color aMyColor (0.99, 0.65, 0.31, Quantity_TOC_RGB);
Quantity_Color aBeet (Quantity_NOC_BEET);
Quantity_Color aWhite (Quantity_NOC_WHITE);
~~~~~

Create line attributes.

~~~~~
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectLine3d) anAspectBrown = new Graphic3d_AspectLine3d();
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectLine3d) anAspectBlue = new Graphic3d_AspectLine3d();
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectLine3d) anAspectWhite = new Graphic3d_AspectLine3d();
anAspectBrown->SetColor (aBrown);
anAspectBlue ->SetColor (aBlue);
anAspectWhite->SetColor (aWhite);
~~~~~

Create marker attributes.
~~~~~
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectMarker3d aFirebrickMarker = new Graphic3d_AspectMarker3d();
// marker attributes
aFirebrickMarker->SetColor (Firebrick);
aFirebrickMarker->SetScale (1.0);
aFirebrickMarker->SetType (Aspect_TOM_BALL);
// or this
// it is a preferred way (supports full-color images on modern hardware).
aFirebrickMarker->SetMarkerImage (theImage)
~~~~~

Create facet attributes.
~~~~~
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectFillArea3d) aFaceAspect =  new Graphic3d_AspectFillArea3d();
Graphic3d_MaterialAspect aBrassMaterial (Graphic3d_NOM_BRASS);
Graphic3d_MaterialAspect aGoldMaterial  (Graphic3d_NOM_GOLD);
aFaceAspect->SetInteriorStyle (Aspect_IS_SOLID);
aFaceAspect->SetInteriorColor (aMyColor);
aFaceAspect->SetDistinguishOn ();
aFaceAspect->SetFrontMaterial (aGoldMaterial);
aFaceAspect->SetBackMaterial  (aBrassMaterial);
aFaceAspect->SetEdgeOn();
~~~~~

Create text attributes.
~~~~~
Handle(Graphic3d_AspectText3d) aTextAspect = new Graphic3d_AspectText3d (aForest, Graphic3d_NOF_ASCII_MONO, 1.0, 0.0);
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_5_2 Create a 3D Viewer (a Windows example)

~~~~~
// create a default connection
Handle(Aspect_DisplayConnection) aDisplayConnection;
// create a graphic driver from default connection
Handle(OpenGl_GraphicDriver) aGraphicDriver = new OpenGl_GraphicDriver (GetDisplayConnection());
// create a viewer
TCollection_ExtendedString aName ("3DV");
myViewer = new V3d_Viewer (aGraphicDriver,aName.ToExtString(), "");
// set parameters for V3d_Viewer
// defines default lights -
//   positional-light 0.3 0.0 0.0
//   directional-light V3d_XnegYposZpos
//   directional-light V3d_XnegYneg
//   ambient-light
a3DViewer->SetDefaultLights();
// activates all the lights defined in this viewer
a3DViewer->SetLightOn();
// set background color to black
a3DViewer->SetDefaultBackgroundColor (Quantity_NOC_BLACK);
~~~~~


@subsubsection occt_visu_4_5_3 Create a 3D view (a Windows example)

It is assumed that a valid Windows window may already be  accessed via the method *GetSafeHwnd()*.
~~~~~
Handle (WNT_Window) aWNTWindow = new WNT_Window (GetSafeHwnd());
myView = myViewer->CreateView();
myView->SetWindow (aWNTWindow);
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_5_4 Create an interactive context

~~~~~
myAISContext = new AIS_InteractiveContext (myViewer);
~~~~~

You are now able to display interactive objects such as an *AIS_Shape*.

~~~~~
TopoDS_Shape aShape = BRepAPI_MakeBox (10, 20, 30).Solid();
Handle(AIS_Shape) anAISShape = new AIS_Shape(aShape);
myAISContext->Display (anAISShape);
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_5_5 Create your own interactive object

Follow the procedure below to compute the presentable object:

1. Build a presentable object inheriting from *AIS_InteractiveObject* (refer to the Chapter on <a href="#occt_visu_2_1">Presentable Objects</a>).
2. Reuse the *Prs3d_Presentation* provided as an argument of the compute methods.

**Note** that there are two compute methods: one for a standard representation, and the other for a degenerated representation, i.e. in hidden line removal and wireframe modes.


Let us look at the example of compute methods

~~~~~
Void
myPresentableObject::Compute
  (const Handle(PrsMgr_PresentationManager3d)& thePrsManager,
   const Handle(Prs3d_Presentation)& thePrs,
   const Standard_Integer theMode)
(
  //...
)

void
myPresentableObject::Compute (const Handle(Prs3d_Projector)& ,
                              const Handle(Prs3d_Presentation)& thePrs)
(
  //...
)
~~~~~

@subsubsection occt_visu_4_5_6 Create primitives in the interactive object

Get the group used in *Prs3d_Presentation*.

~~~~~
Handle(Graphic3d_Group) aGroup = Prs3d_Root::CurrentGroup (thePrs);
~~~~~

Update the group attributes.

~~~~~
aGroup->SetPrimitivesAspect (anAspectBlue);
~~~~~

Create two triangles in *aGroup*.

~~~~~
Standard_Integer aNbTria = 2;
Handle(Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangles) aTriangles = new Graphic3d_ArrayOfTriangles (3 * aNbTria, 0, Standard_True);
Standard_Integer anIndex;
for (anIndex = 1; anIndex <= aNbTria; nt++)
{
  aTriangles->AddVertex (anIndex * 5.,      0., 0., 1., 1., 1.);
  aTriangles->AddVertex (anIndex * 5 + 5,   0., 0., 1., 1., 1.);
  aTriangles->AddVertex (anIndex * 5 + 2.5, 5., 0., 1., 1., 1.);
}
aGroup->BeginPrimitives();
aGroup->AddPrimitiveArray (aTriangles);
aGroup->EndPrimitives();
~~~~~

The methods *BeginPrimitives()* and *EndPrimitives()* are used  when creating a set of various primitives in the same group.
Use the polyline function to create a boundary box for the *thePrs* structure in group *aGroup*.

~~~~~
Standard_Real Xm, Ym, Zm, XM, YM, ZM;
thePrs->MinMaxValues (Xm, Ym, Zm, XM, YM, ZM);

Handle(Graphic3d_ArrayOfPolylines) aPolylines = new Graphic3d_ArrayOfPolylines (16, 4);
aPolylines->AddBound (4);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  Ym, Zm);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  Ym, ZM);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  YM, ZM);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  YM, Zm);
aPolylines->AddBound (4);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  Ym, Zm);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  Ym, Zm);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  Ym, ZM);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  YM, ZM);
aPolylines->AddBound (4);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  YM, Zm);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  Ym, Zm);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  YM, Zm);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  YM, Zm);
aPolylines->AddBound (4);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  YM, ZM);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  YM, ZM);
aPolylines->AddVertex (XM,  Ym, ZM);
aPolylines->AddVertex (Xm,  Ym, ZM);

aGroup->BeginPrimitives();
aGroup->AddPrimitiveArray(aPolylines);
aGroup->EndPrimitives();
~~~~~

Create text and markers in group *aGroup*.

~~~~~
static char* texte[3] =
{
  "Application title",
  "My company",
  "My company address."
};
Handle(Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints) aPtsArr = new Graphic3d_ArrayOfPoints (2, 1);
aPtsArr->AddVertex (-40.0, -40.0, -40.0);
aPtsArr->AddVertex (40.0, 40.0, 40.0);
aGroup->BeginPrimitives();
aGroup->AddPrimitiveArray (aPtsArr);
aGroup->EndPrimitives();

Graphic3d_Vertex aMarker (0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
for (i=0; i <= 2; i++)
{
  aMarker.SetCoord (-(Standard_Real )i * 4 + 30,
                     (Standard_Real )i * 4,
                    -(Standard_Real )i * 4);
  aGroup->Text (texte[i], Marker, 20.);
}

~~~~~

@section occt_visu_5 Mesh Visualization Services

<i>MeshVS</i> (Mesh Visualization Service) component extends 3D visualization capabilities of Open CASCADE Technology. It provides flexible means of displaying meshes along with associated pre- and post-processor data.

From a developer's point of view, it is easy to integrate the *MeshVS* component into any mesh-related application with the following guidelines:

* Derive a data source class from the *MeshVS_DataSource* class.
* Re-implement its virtual methods, so as to give the <i>MeshVS</i> component access to the application data model. This is the most important part of the job, since visualization performance is affected by performance of data retrieval methods of your data source class.
* Create an instance of <i>MeshVS_Mesh</i> class.
* Create an instance of your data source class and pass it to a <i>MeshVS_Mesh</i> object through the <i>SetDataSource()</i> method.
* Create one or several objects of <i>MeshVS_PrsBuilder</i>-derived classes (standard, included in the <i>MeshVS</i> package, or your custom ones).
* Each <i>PrsBuilder</i> is responsible for drawing a <i> MeshVS_Mesh</i> presentation in a certain display mode(s) specified as a <i>PrsBuilder</i> constructor's argument. Display mode is treated by <i>MeshVS</i> classes as a combination of bit flags (two least significant bits are used to encode standard display modes: wireframe, shading and shrink).
* Pass these objects to the <i>MeshVS_Mesh::AddBuilder()</i> method. <i>MeshVS_Mesh</i> takes advantage of improved selection highlighting mechanism: it highlights its selected entities itself, with the help of so called "highlighter" object. You can set one of <i>PrsBuilder</i> objects to act as a highlighter with the help of a corresponding argument of the <i>AddBuilder()</i> method.

Visual attributes of the <i>MeshVS_Mesh</i> object (such as shading color, shrink coefficient and so on)  are controlled through <i>MeshVS_Drawer</i> object. It maintains a map "Attribute ID --> attribute value" and can be easily extended with any number of custom attributes.

In all other respects, <i>MeshVS_Mesh</i> is very similar to any other class derived from <i>AIS_InteractiveObject</i> and it should be used accordingly (refer to the description of <i>AIS package</i> in the documentation).